Bombardier Double-deck Coach

The ancestry of these coaches can be traced back to the LBE double-deck coaches (de:Doppelstock-Stromlinien-Wendezug der LBE) built by WUMAG at Görlitz for the Lübeck–Büchen–Hamburg railway in 1935–36. They were push-pull trains with a cab car that could control the steam locomotive at the other end of the train. They were the first of their kind to be developed in Germany. After World War II, these coaches were developed further by VEB Waggonbau Görlitz (formerly WUMAG) into double-deck trains of two to five articulated cars sharing bogies, known as "Doppelstock(glieder)züge" (de:Gliederzug (Schiene)). Like the successor 1st generation units, many of these coaches were sold to several railways in the Eastern Bloc, such as in Romania where they are still operated as TE Acvila coaches. Deutsche Bundesbahn of West Germany now opted only for single level coaches and multiple units until its purchase of the 2nd generation Class 760 double-deck coaches in the early-1990s. Starting in 1974, single coaches were built again that were the direct ancestors of today's double-deck coaches. These trainsets were used by Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany) as well as several other railways of the Eastern Bloc in large numbers (about 4000). After 1990, VEB Waggonbau Görlitz became part of Deutsche Waggonbau AG (DWA) which was acquired by Bombardier Transportation in 1998. Bombardier Inc. sold their railway division to Alstom in 2021. In 2025, the Görlitz plant was sold to arms manufacturer KNDS. The last coach was delivered to Israel Railways on 16 December 2025, and the plant now produces components for armored fighting vehicles such as the Leopard 2, Puma, and Boxer. There are no plans to continue producing the coaches at other Alstom locations. File:DR 22 032.jpg|An articulated five-unit Doppelstockgliederzug rake hauled by DR Class 22 032 (circa 1964) File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R0513-0030, Erfurt, Neubauviertel Nordhäuser Straße, Bahnhof.jpg|A DR Doppelstockgliederzüg four-unit push-pull rake on an Erfurt S-Bahn service (May 1976) File:Bpjo smichov2.jpg|A ČSD Bpjo-type four-unit rake at Praha Smíchov (circa 1991) File:Bf Rochlitz, Doppelstockgliederzug.jpg|A DR DGBgqe-type control car from a 1971 five-unit Doppelstockgliederzug rake at Rochlitz (1993) File:BipaCzerskI.JPG|A PKP/Polregio rake of Bhp-type (pl; formerly Bipa) coaches at Czersk (September 2008) == First generation ==

Built 1973–1974 and 1976–1991, sold to East Germany, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia. In Czech Republic also known as UIC type Bmto292 (cz) and in Poland as UIC type Bmnopux/Bmteeo (pl; formerly type Bdhpumn), also nicknamed "bohun". Some German units were refurbished with 4th generation headshapes in the 2000s, some Polish units refurbished by Pesa Bydgoszcz from 2003–2009 and some Czech units refurbished 2001–2022. Unlike the articulated bilevel stock that came before, these had complete bogie sets. File:Bf Calau, DBmq.jpg|DR 1. Generation Doppelstockwagen rake in Calau (January 1997) File:Wagon piętrowy Bmnopux.jpg|PKP/Polregio Bmnopux-type carriages at Poznań Główny (October 2008) File:Wnętrze Bmnopux.JPG|Interior of the upper deck of a modernised Bmnopux-type carriage (May 2012) File:Brno, hlavní nádraží, vůz 26-18 103.jpg|ČD Bmto292-type carriage at Brno hl.n (June 2010) File:I11 046 Bk Klieken, DABbuzf 778.jpg|Refurbished Class 778 Doppelstockwagen rake with 4. Generation headshape in Klieken (May 2013) == Second generation ==

Built 1992–1993 for Germany (Deutsche Reichsbahn and Deutsche Bundesbahn), later named DB Class 760. File:Bf Lr, DABgbuzf 760.jpg|2. Generation Doppelstockwagen on first delivery (January 1993) File:Db-rostocker-s-bahn-s1-dabgbuzf-708380.jpg|2. Generation Doppelstockwagen in DB '''' colours on a Rostock S-Bahn service (July 2013) == Sleeping cars (Doppelstockschlafwagen) ==

Built 1992–1995 by DWA, Schindler Waggon, SIG Graz and Waggonfabrik Talbot for CityNightLine AG, also partially licensed NS DD-AR design from Talbot. Two variants were built: • WLBmz-type carriage consisting of 9 standard sleeping compartments on the upper deck and 8 standard sleeping compartments plus two 3-berth (originally 4-berth) compartments on the lower deck, all with washbasins inside compartments and shared toilets at each end of said carriage; • WLABmz-type carriage consisting of 4 deluxe compartments with en-suite toilets and shower plus 1 standard sleeping compartment with washbasin inside compartment on the upper deck, and 8 standard sleeping compartments plus two 3-berth (originally 4-berth) compartments on the lower deck, with washbasins inside compartments and shared toilets at each end of said carriage. All units were transferred to City Night Line of Deutsche Bahn in 2007 and then to ÖBB Nightjet in December 2016. As of 2023, the Doppelstockschlafwagen were mainly used on the routes Vienna–Zurich and Zurich–Hamburg. File:Mannheimer Hauptbahnhof- auf Bahnsteig zu Gleis 3- Richtung Ludwigshafen (Rhein)- City Night Line (Schlafwagen) 26.3.2010.jpg|Exterior of a City Night Line WLBmz-type Doppelstockschlafwagen (sleeping compartments side) at Mannheim Hbf (March 2010) File:OEBB WLBmz 61 81 76-94 219-0 Hamburg Altona 180217 EN470.jpg|Exterior of a ÖBB Nightjet WLBmz-type Doppelstockschlafwagen (passenger corridor side) at Hamburg-Altona (February 2017) File:3 OEBB WLBmz 61 81 76-94 216-6 A-OEBB interior 080916 EN467.jpg|Passenger corridor of a ÖBB Nightjet WLBmz-type Doppelstockschlafwagen File:Schlafwagen Doppelstock Eco 2er CNL.tif|Second class Eco sleeping cabin on lower deck File:Nightjet deluxe compartment.jpg|Deluxe sleeping compartment on upper deck (WLABmz only) with en-suite toilet and shower == Third generation ==

Built 1994–1997 under the DWA brand for Germany (Deutsche Bahn). File:Gießen Regionalexpress Bahnhof01 2010-02-27.jpg|3. Generation Doppelstockwagen in Gießen == Fourth generation ==

Built since 1997 and sold under the Bombardier and Alstom brands to railways in Germany, Denmark, Israel and others. File:Berlin Hauptbahnhof Flughafen Express.jpg|DB 4. Generation Doppelstockwagen at Berlin Hbf (tief) File:BombardierDDIsrarail.jpg|Israel Railways unit at Tel Aviv Savidor Central File:Østerport Station 2005-01.jpg|DSB unit at Østerport == Fifth generation ==

In 2008, Bombardier presented the "Dosto 2010" future family of double-deck trains for the German market. For international sales they were branded as Bombardier TWINDEXX with a "Vario" concept (then called TWINDEXX Vario) that allows these trains to be built for regional or intercity connections with a design speed of and an operational speed of up to . Deutsche Bahn (DB) and other German operators currently operate 404 TWINDEXX Vario carriages, classified as DBAG Class 445/446, which entered service in 2017 after a delay of three years, replacing many locomotive-hauled rakes. Israel Railways has also ordered 443 TWINDEXX Vario carriages between 2010 and 2019 to support its expanding rail network, the last of which was delivered in December 2021. The high-speed rail versions are branded TWINDEXX Express, designed for . A tilting EMU variant of the Twindexx with an operational speed of up to is developed for the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB), classified as SBB RAB(D)e 502, nicknamed FV-Dosto and informally called TWINDEXX Swiss Express. Orders have been placed in the range of a few hundred coaches of the different variants with their initial delivery originally to be around 2013, then delayed to 2015–2017 and eventually 2018–2022, depending on the variant. These delays have been attributed to the need to redesign the trains to properly comply with Swiss disability access legislation after a lawsuit was filed against Bombardier and SBB by two Swiss disability-rights organisations at the Federal Administrative Court of Switzerland in 2012, as well as problems with the composting toilet tanks and the tilting mechanisms. In 2022, SBB decided to permanently discontinue the use of the tilting mechanism on their FV-Dosto trains. The National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB) has similarly ordered TWINDEXX-derived intercity trains designated as M7 in 2018, constructed at the former BN factory at Bruges, which entered service in January 2020. In 2007, Koleje Mazowieckie of Poland signed a contract for the delivery of 37 Twindexx Vario wagons (11 steering and 26 trailing wagons). The centre wagons were delivered in August and the steering wagons in December 2008. Initially, the wagons were pulled by EU07 locomotives. The wagons are currently operated by Koleje Mazowieckie together with TRAXX P160DC and Pesa Gama locomotives, sometimes also in multiple working with Pesa Sundeck bilevel coaches. File:SBB_Re_420_WAKO-Testfahrt.jpg|test run of tilting double-deck coach pulled by a regular train File:J36 201 Bf Nürnberg Hbf, 445 083.jpg|DBAG Class 445/446 at Nürnberg Hbf (June 2019) File:SBB RABDe 502 009.jpg|SBB RABDe 502 tilting double-deck coach TWINDEXX Swiss Express File:Bombardier push-pull Warszawa.jpg|Koleje Mazowieckie Twindexx Vario control car ==See also==