Type 99 sniper rifle

In 1937, the Japanese adopted the Type 97 sniper rifle, which was a standard issue Type 38 rifle with a 2.5x telescopic sight fitted and a bent down bolt handle. The 6.5 mm round lacked power and accuracy at long ranges, so when the 7.7 mm Type 99 rifle was adopted, the Japanese conducted trials with long and short Type 99s modified as sniper rifles in 1941. Both models showed a substantial increase in accuracy (about 35%) in comparison to the standard infantry rifle while the difference in performance between the long and short rifles wasn't significant, so the latter was adopted for service. The rifle never received an official designation, being simply called as the Type 99 Sniper Rifle. ==Design==

The Type 99 sniper rifle was largely identical to the Type 99 infantry rifle, with the main difference being the bent down bolt handle to avoid hitting the scope when open. The Type 99 sniper rifle was purpose-built by the factory, with each sight being adjusted for a specific rifle and marked with the rifle's serial number, though manufacturing tolerances weren't any more demanding than the regular infantry rifles. Smith notes that the sniper rifle featured a somewhat better finish and a telescopic sight fitted to left side of the receiver. While offsetting the mounting to the left allowed the rifle to be loaded with single rounds or 5-round stripper clips, it also made the Type 99 somewhat awkward to aim. The scope had a fixed sight, a 2.5 magnification power, a 10° degree field of vision and weighted about . Since the sights could not be adjusted, the sniper used reticule marks to compensate for range and drift instead. Initial production rifles were fitted with the 2.5x scopes from the Type 97, but later on a fixed 4x scope with a 7° field of vision was standardized to take full advantage of the 7.7 mm round superior range and penetration. A few late production rifles were fitted with a new "Type 2" 4x scope, capable of limited adjustment. According to Ness, about half of the Type 99 sniper rifles were fitted with the 4x scope, while Walter gives a total of 2,850 rifles fitted with the 2.5x scope: about 850 rifles made by the Kokura Arsenal in 1942 and about 2,000 Nagoya Arsenal-built rifles (between 1943 and 1945) possibly to make use of leftover 2.5x scopes after the production of Type 97 rifles was halted. The Type 99 was considered a rugged rifle, with Smith declaring that it was one of the "simplest and most efficient of all the Mauser rifle variants". ==History==

Introduced in June 1942, the Type 99 sniper rifle was intended to replace the Type 97 sniper rifle, but the Japanese never managed to produce enough rifles to meet wartime demand, and as a result both the Type 97 and Type 99 sniper rifles were used until the end the war. As the war progressed, manufacturers simplified construction to speed up production and conserve raw materials: low-grade steel was used wherever possible, while other features such as bolt covers, sling swivels, and chrome plated bores were omitted. According to Ness, the Nagoya Arsenal built around 10,000 Type 99 sniper rifles and the Kokura Arsenal built around 1,000, while Walter gives a figure of 850 Kokura-built and 10,000 Nagoya-built rifles. In the early stages of the Pacific War, Japanese snipers were successful at disrupting Allied advances picking off commanders and spreading fear amongst enemy soldiers. Japanese snipers were patient and operated from well camouflaged positions. Long distance shooting was rarely necessary in the jungle and as result, they also made use of iron sights for engaging their targets. According to Walter, most of their shots were taken at ranges of less than . Once the Allies managed to regain the initiative, bolstered by an increase in production of weapons and equipment, Japanese snipers became less of a threat. Another important factor was the Japanese being increasingly unable to properly supply their forces in Southeast Asia with food and ammunition, due Allied air superiority and submarine warfare inflicting heavy losses on shipping. The US Army and Marine Corps also made use of effective counter-sniping tactics, including raking treetops (widely used by Japanese snipers as firing positions) with machine gun fire. ==Notes==