During the first Amazon rubber boom, the Ucayali River basin and its indigenous inhabitants were heavily exploited for the collection of rubber. One of Peru's first rubber barons,
Carlos Fitzcarrald, based his enterprise in the Ucayali and due to his success he became the richest rubber entrepreneur on the river by 1888. Many indigenous tribes along the Ucayali were targeted by rubber barons like Fitzcarrald during
Correrias ("forays" or "chasings"), which were effectually
slave raids. Some of the indigenous groups that were targeted include
Asháninka, Amahuaca,
Piro [Yine],
Shipibo and
Conibo. Other prominent Peruvian rubber barons ran enterprises with operations on the Ucayali, including
Luis Felipe Morey, along with his brother Adolfo,
Julio Cesar Arana as well as the Rodriguez brothers Maximo and Baldomero. The latter of which was killed near the Sutilija tributary of the Manu River at his estate named Honoria in September of 1910 by a group of Piros. Fitzcarrald's enterprise dominated the area around
Atalaya, which is located near the Tambo and Urubamba River's confluence. According to anthropologist Søren Hvalkof, the "favourite focus of the Atalaya patrons’ correrías" were isolated Asháninka settlements around the Gran Pajonal and Ucayali. In 1893, Fitzcarrald was credited with establishing the
Isthmus of Fitzcarrald, an important portage route between the Urubamba River, a tributary of the Ucayali, and the
Manu tributary of the
Madre de Dios River. In subsequent years, several other prominent rubber entrepreneurs, like
Carlos Scharff and
Leopoldo Collazos, attempted to establish portage routes which connected the Ucayali River to the Madre de Dios. The establishment of Fitzcarrald's portage route marked the beginning of Peruvian activity with the rubber trade in the Madre de Dios River basin. In July of 1897, Fitzcarrald and his partner
Antonio Vaca Díez, a Bolivian rubber baron, drowned on the Urubamba after the steamship they were traveling on sank. There were a series of indigenous uprisings against several slave traders along the Upper Ucayali River between 1910-1915. One of the first notable uprisings, which occurred on September 24 of 1910, resulted in the death of Baldomero Rodríguez along with eleven of his employees and several Asháninkas that were working with Rodríguez. Roger Casement wrote that Baldomero and his brother Maximo operated "the biggest [Peruvian] firm of 'caucheros' on the Madre de Dios." Casement also noted that the two brothers also operated on a large scale along the Ucayali and Marañón. A Peruvian only referred to as "J. Bezada" led a punitive expedition which investigated the site of this mutiny and sought to capture the indigenous people deemed responsible. An estate owned by Antonio Bezada located near the Unini tributaries confluence with the Ucayali was attacked on November 13 of 1911 by a group of Asháninka. Antonio and his son managed to escape from the attack however Antonio was arrested then sent to prison in Lima due to being implicated with child trafficking, he died shortly after his incarceration. Antonio was known to "exchange Winchester rifles and ammunition with the indigenous chiefs in exchange for children obtained during their raids on other Asháninka areas." During the early days of January 1914, a group of Asháninka warriors attacked Puerto Yessup. Fifteen non-indigenous people, including César Lúrquin, were killed during this incident, their corpses were burned along with the settlement and mail stored there. Several publications, including
La Prensa and
Peru To-day ran articles about this attack, referring to it as a massacre.
Peru To-day ran an article titled "Uprising of Chuncho Indians" which noted "[t]his is the second time within the space of a few weeks that the tribe has marked the eastern mail route with a trail of burning villages."
La Prensa speculated that the attack at Puerto Yessup was expressly planned with an intent to kill César Lúrquin, who was an ex-police commissioner of the Putumayo River in 1907 and later the Upper Ucayali around 1912. The publication claimed that Lúrquin had survived three separate assassination attempts within the previous year. While
La Prensa suggested that this attack was aggravated by the local "traffickers in human flesh": anthropologist Fernando Santos-Granero emphasized in his book
Slavery and Utopia that while he was the police commissioner on the Putumayo River Lúrquin was accused of trafficking Huitoto children to Iquitos. Over this issue Santos-Granero wrote "[t]here is no doubt, therefore, that far from being a staunch enemy of the slave trade, as he and his associates claimed, Lúrquin was a trafficker who probably remained in this type of trade after being appointed commissioner of the Upper Ucayali." An alliance of Asháninka, Conibo, Piro and Yine peoples launched a series of coordinated attacks against several important rubber producing estates along the Upper Ucayali on the morning of September 3, 1915. These estates included Cumaría, Casa Fitzcarrald, Sepa and Chicosta, respectively owned by Francisco and Fernando Franchinni, Federico and José Fitzcarrald, Francisco Vargas and another rubber entrepreneur. Santos-Granero emphasized that Vargas along with the Franchini and Fitzcarrald brothers "were all infamous slavers who controlled large indebted indigenous workforces." ==Navigation==