Uma language

Consonants Notes: • acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [] 'ten'→ with nasal vowels). • is realized as retroflex contiguous to non-front vowels. • is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally. • In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, is pronounced . • The semivowel is rare, found mainly in loan words. • The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/. Orthographic notes: • is 'w' • is 'ny' • is 'ng' • is 'y' • is 'j' • is 'c' • is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ' Vowels ==Pronouns==

Notes: • ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive. • 1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.' • (SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.' • [∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic. • [-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic. • In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [] and [] are [] and [] respectively. • In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [] and [] are [] and [] respectively. The free forms [] and [] are [] and [] respectively. ==Numerals==

The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are: • • • • • • • • • • ==Classification of Uma varieties==

Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma. • Bana • Benggaulu (= Bingkolu) • Kantewu (= Central Uma) • Aria (= Southern Uma) • Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma) • Tolee' (= Eastern Uma) • Winatu (= Northern Uma) Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma, noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages. • Kantewu (= Central) • Southern • Tolee' • Tobaku • Winatu • Tori'untu Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency. • Sarudu • Benggaulu (= Bingkolu) ==References==