Mixed martial arts rules

Some main motivations for these rule changes included: • Protection of the health of the fighters: This goal was partially motivated to clear the stigma of "barbaric, no rules, fighting-to-the-death" matches that MMA obtained because of its Vale Tudo and no holds barred roots. It also helps athletes avoid injuries which would otherwise hamper the training regimens that improve skill and ability and lead to better fights in the future. • Providing spectacle for spectators. Weight classes emerged when knowledge about submission holds spread. When more fighters became well-versed in submission techniques and avoiding submissions, differences in weight became a substantial factor. Headbutts were prohibited because it was a technique that required little effort and could quickly turn the match into a bloody mess. Headbutting was common among wrestlers because their skill in takedowns allowed them to quickly transfer bouts to the ground where they could assault opponents with headbutts while not being required to alter their position. There has been some criticism that techniques banned from MMA, including headbutts, are actually very effective fighting techniques. Small, open-finger gloves were introduced to protect fists in punches while still allowing for effective grappling. Gloves were first mandatory in Japan's Shooto league, but are now mandatory in matches for nearly every promotion. Although some fighters may have well conditioned fists, others may not. The small bones in an unprotected and unconditioned fist are prone to break when it hits a torso or forehead with power. Gloves also reduce the occurrence of cuts (and stoppages due to cuts) and encourage fighters to use their hands for striking, both of which enable more captivating matches. Time limits were established to avoid long fights on the ground with little perceivable action. No time limit matches also complicated the airing of live events. Similar motivations produced the "stand up" rule, where the referee can stand fighters up if it is perceived both are resting on the ground or are not advancing toward a dominant position. ==Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts==

In April 2000, the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC) voted unanimously in favor of regulations that later became the foundation for the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts. However, when the legislation was sent to California's capital for review, it was determined that the sport fell outside the jurisdiction of the CSAC, rendering the vote superfluous. In September 2000, the New Jersey State Athletic Control Board (NJSACB) began to allow MMA promoters to conduct events in New Jersey. The intent was to allow the NJSACB to observe actual events and gather information to establish a comprehensive set of rules to effectively regulate the sport. On April 3, 2001, the NJSACB held a meeting to discuss the regulation of MMA events. This meeting attempted to unify the myriad of rules and regulations which had been utilized by the different MMA organizations. At this meeting, the proposed uniform rules were agreed upon by the NJSACB, several other regulatory bodies, numerous promoters of MMA events and other interested parties in attendance. At the conclusion of the meeting, all parties in attendance were able to agree upon a uniform set of rules to govern the sport of MMA. Rounds Every round is five minutes in duration with a one-minute rest period in-between rounds. Non-title matches must not normally exceed three rounds, but the governing commission can grant dispensation for non-title five round bouts, as is usually done for the Main Event in the UFC. Title matches can be sanctioned for five rounds. Judging criteria The ten-point must system is used for all fights. Three judges score each round with ten points to the winner and nine points or fewer to the other fighter. In New Jersey, the fewest points a fighter can receive is 7. At the end of the fight, each judge submits their total score for all rounds for each fighter, to determine the result by the following criteria: • Unanimous decision win: All three judges have the same fighter as the winner. • Majority decision win: Two judges have one fighter winning the fight and the third judge scores it a draw. • Split decision win: Two judges have one fighter winning the fight and the third judge has the other fighter winning it. • Unanimous draw: All three judges score it a draw. • Majority draw: Two judges score it a draw, and the third judge has a winner. • Split draw: One judge scores it a draw, and the other two judges have different winners. Weight classes Fouls As set out by the Association of Boxing Commissions: • Grabbing the fence • Holding opponent's shorts or gloves • Head-butting • Biting or spitting at an opponent • Hair pulling • Fish-hooking • Intentionally placing a finger into any orifice, or into any cut or laceration of an opponent • Eye gouging of any kind • Groin attacks • Small joint manipulation • Strikes to the spine or back of the head or anything behind the ears (see Rabbit punch) • Throat strikes of any kind, including, without limitation, grabbing the trachea • Fingers outstretched towards opponent's face/eyes • Clawing, pinching, twisting the flesh • Kicking and knee-striking the head of a grounded opponent (see Soccer kick, note that a fighter is "grounded" when any part of their body other than their hands or feet are in contact with the canvas) • Stomping an opponent on the ground • Spiking an opponent to the canvas on their head or neck (see Piledriver) • Swearing or offensive language in the cage • Throwing opponent out of the ring/fighting area • Any unsportsmanlike conduct that causes an injury to opponent • Attacking an opponent during a break • Attacking an opponent who is under the care of the referee • Timidity (excessively avoiding contact, consistent dropping of mouthpiece, or faking an injury) • Interference from a mixed martial artist's cornerman • Flagrant disregard of the referee's instructions • Attacking an opponent after the bell has sounded the end of the round When a foul is charged, the referee in their discretion may deduct one or more points as a penalty. If a foul incapacitates a fighter, then the match may end in a disqualification if the foul was intentional, or a "no contest" if unintentional. If a foul causes a fighter to be unable to continue later in the bout, it ends with a technical decision win to the injured fighter if the injured fighter is ahead on points, otherwise it is a technical draw. Medical requirements • Contestants shall complete all pre-licensure medical examinations and tests required by the jurisdiction licensing the contest. • The jurisdiction licensing the contest shall conduct or supervise all pre-contest weigh-ins and may hold or supervise a rules meeting for all contestants and their cornermen. • Post-contest medical examination. • Immediately following a contest, each contestant shall be given a medical examination by a physician appointed by the commission. The medical examination may include any examinations or tests the commission deems necessary to determine the post-contest physical fitness of a contestant. • Any contestant who refuses to submit to a post-contest medical examination shall be immediately suspended for an indefinite period. Prohibited substances • Use of prohibited substances: The use of any illegal drug, narcotic, stimulant, depressant, or analgesic of any description, or alcohol substance, by a contestant either before or during a match, shall result in the immediate disqualification of the contestant from the match and disciplinary action in accordance with the commission licensing the contest. • Detection of prohibited substances: In order to detect the presence of any prohibited substance, a contestant shall submit to any pre-contest or post-contest urinalysis or other laboratory procedure that is ordered by the physician appointed by the commission. Refusal to submit to such testing shall result in the immediate disqualification of the contestant from the match and an indefinite suspension from the sport of MMA. • Urinalysis: • All contestants may be ordered to complete a pre-contest urinalysis exam to detect the presence of any drug. • In addition to a pre-contest analysis, the local commission may, at its discretion, decide to test for the presence of performance-enhancing drugs and thereby require additional urine specimens to be produced at any time after the completion of the contest. • Collection of specimens for urinalysis testing shall be conducted or supervised by a commission official. Refusal to submit to such testing shall result in the immediate disqualification of the contestant from the match and an indefinite suspension from the sport of MMA. ==PRIDE Fighting Championships (defunct)==

Historically, PRIDE's rules events and Bushido events. However, it was announced on November 29, 2006, that Bushido events would be discontinued. When holding events in the US, PRIDE abided by the Unified Rules, but added the prohibition against elbows to the head. Rounds The first round is ten minutes in duration and the second and third rounds are five minutes in duration. There is a two-minute rest period between each round. Attire PRIDE allowed fighters some latitude in their choice of attire, most notably the allowance of a gi or amateur wrestling shoes, but open finger gloves, a mouthguard, and a protective cup were mandatory. Judging criteria If the match reaches its time limit then the outcome of the bout is determined by the three judges. The fight is scored in its entirety and not round-by-round. After the conclusion of the bout, each judge must decide a winner. Matches cannot end in a draw. A decision is made according to the following criteria in this order of priority: • the effort made to finish the fight via KO or submission, • damage given to the opponent, • standing combinations and ground control, • takedowns and takedown defense, • aggressiveness, and • weight (in the case that the weight difference is or more). If a fight is stopped on advice of the ring doctor after an accidental but illegal action, e.g., a clash of heads, and the contest is in its second or third round, the match will be decided by the judges using the same criteria. Legal techniques PRIDE allowed the following techniques that the Unified Rules disallowed: • Stomps to the head of a grounded opponent. • Soccer kicks to the head of a grounded opponent. • Knees to the head of a grounded opponent. Fouls In addition to the common fouls, PRIDE Fighting Championships considers elbow strikes to the head and face to be fouls. In the event that a fighter is injured by illegal actions, then at the discretion of the referee and ring doctor, the round is resumed after enough time has been given for the fighter to recover. If the match cannot be continued due to the severity of the injury then the fighter who perpetrated the action will be disqualified. General conduct • If both fighters are on the verge of falling out of the ring or become entangled in the ropes, the referee will stop the action. The fighters must immediately stop their movements and will then be repositioned in the center of the ring in the same position. Once they are comfortably repositioned, they resume at the referee's instruction. • If fighters commit the following actions, they shall be given a yellow card by officials: Stalling or failure to initiate any offensive attack, making no attempt to finalize the match or damage the opponent, and holding the opponent's body with the arms and legs to produce a stalemate. A yellow card results in a 10% deduction/fine of the fighter's fight purse. Bushido rules PRIDE Bushido events instituted distinct variations to the full PRIDE rules: • Bushido bouts consist of two rounds; the first lasting ten minutes and the second lasting five. Intermissions between each round remain two minutes in length. • In full PRIDE rules, a total of three yellow cards results in a red card (disqualification). In Bushido, yellow cards can be given out in an unlimited number without disqualification. PRIDE discontinued Bushido events in late-2006 and their rules were last used for lightweight and welterweight fights at PRIDE Shockwave 2006. As the lightweight and welterweight divisions will now be on the main PRIDE shows, the rules for the lighter classes are also changing to reflect standard PRIDE rules. ==ONE Championship==

ONE Championship MMA rule set uses the Global MMA Rule Set which blends a combination of Best Practices from Asian and Non-Asian Rules. ONE also has Competitions for Muay Thai, Kickboxing and Grappling rulesets. Weight Classes ONE has a number of weight classes for its fighters to compete in, with a World Champion and top five competitors being ranked ONE Championship Rankings in each Weight Class. The weight classes for ONE are: Weigh-in and hydration Unlike the UFC, ONE does not allow weight cutting, ONE will assign an athlete their weight class based on their "walking weight" (based on the daily training weight). An athlete's "walking weight" is monitored regularly throughout the time an athlete is with contracted to ONE. Fights are strictly only offered to an athlete based on their "walking weight". Upon arrival at the start of event week athletes' weights will be checked. Every athlete must be within the restrictions of the contracted weight class or catchweight limit. During event week, all athletes participate in a combined weigh-in and hydration test. Every athlete must submit a urine sample for a hydration check. If the athlete passes this test, he or she can weigh-in. The athlete's must weigh-in within the restrictions of the contracted weight class or catchweight limit. On event day, those athletes who made weight and passed the hydration test on the previous day do not have to weigh-in. However, athletes who miss weight or fail a hydration test, must pass the hydration test and make weight on event day. If an athlete fails the hydration test on event day, he or she is not permitted to compete. Should an athlete pass the hydration test but weigh-in above the restrictions of the contracted weight class, then the bout may take place at a catchweight if the athlete is within 5 percent of their opponent's official weight, and if the opponent agrees to competing at this catchweight. Additionally, a percentage of the athlete's purse will be given to the opponent due to failure to make the contracted weight. Post-bout weight may not exceed 5 percent over the weight class or catchweight limit. If an athlete were to commit this offense, he or she will be held to the rules below: • First offense – athlete receives an official warning. • Second offense – athlete will be penalized 25 percent of their total fight purse. • Third offense – athlete will be penalized 50 percent of their purse. The athlete will also be permanently disqualified from competing in the weight class and must move up to the next higher weight class. Rounds Similar to the Unified Rules, each bout is three rounds of five minutes per round, with a one-minute break between rounds, except for World Championship bouts will be five rounds of five minutes per round, with a one-minute break between rounds. Attire Under the Global MMA Rule Set attire is limited to: • MMA Trunks • Spandex/Lycra shorts (that may not extend beyond the knee in length) • Board Shorts (Shorts are not to have any exposed pockets or ties) Fouls and Legal Techniques Unlike the Unified Rules, in ONE the following techniques are legal and will not result in a foul: • 12-6 elbows of the head of a grounded opponent • Knees to the head of a grounded opponent • Stomps of a grounded opponent (except for head stomps) Soccer kicks were also previously legal in ONE, but have been banned since 2016 as part of the company's worldwide expansion plans. Other than those listed above, fouls for the Unified Rules and ONE are the same. Penalizing Fouls/Illegal Issues In ONE and under the Global Rule Set, fouls are dealt with by the referee, and uses a yellow/red card system that will affect the fighters purse and potentially be factored in by the judges. The referee may choose to issue Cautions, Warnings, Yellow Cards or Disqualifications based on the nature, severity, and repetition of the fouling behavior. In doing so, the referee must have thoroughly considered whether the athlete has, through their violation, damaged their opponent's chances of victory, and if the violation was deliberately committed. Criteria The judging criteria that ONE Judges use for scoring a bout are listed below in descending order of importance: • Near-knockout/near-submission • Damage (internal, accumulated, superficial) • Striking Superiority / Ground Control (ground control and superior positioning) • Earned takedowns or takedown defense • Aggression ==RIZIN Fighting Federation==

RIZIN Fighting Federation uses a ruleset largely similar to that of PRIDE's, which is appropriate given the involvement of longtime Japanese MMA promoter Nobuyuki Sakakibara in both promotions. Men's fights in RIZIN are either two rounds with Round 1 lasting 10 minutes and Round 2 lasting 5 minutes, or 3x5 minute rounds. Championship fights in RIZIN are 3x5 minute rounds, as are all women's MMA matches, and all matches are held in a ring in order to allow for both MMA and kickboxing fights to be held on the same card. Judging is done based on the entirety of a fight and the criteria goes damage/effective aggression, effort to finish the fight, and ring generalship, in that order. Soccer kicks and knees to the head of a grounded opponent are both legal. Elbows (including 12-6 elbows) to the head of a grounded opponent are allowed if both fighters agree to permit them. ==Other mixed martial arts promotions==

Shooto • Uses A, B, and C levels. The C level is considered for amateurs only. • Every level has its own rules and restrictions. • The C level rules require headgear to be worn and prohibit striking on the ground. • In case of a knockdown (when any part of a competitor's body touches the mat solely as the result of a strike) the referee will perform a 10-count. The competitor has until the count of 10 to return to a standing position. Three knock downs in a single round will end the bout. There is also a mandatory standing 8 count. ZST • Uses two 5-minute rounds. • Does not use judges. The fight is declared a draw if there is no KO, TKO, Submission. • Allows elbow and knee strikes only if they are covered by padding. • Does not allow attacking head with strikes when one fighter is in downed position. K-1 Hero's (defunct) • Uses two 5-minute rounds, with an extra round option should the judges be unable to determine a clear winner of the fight. • Prohibits elbow strikes to the head, kicking by a fighter in the standing position to the face and head of a fighter in the ground position (When both fighters are in the ground position, kicking to the face and head of the opponent fighter is allowed). Knee kicking to the face and head of a fighter in the state of any ground position including 4-point position etc. is also illegal. • Has moved to a tournament format similar to that seen in K-1, with an eight-man tournament. However, the final matches are not decided on the same evening, but at later events. ==Cage or ring==

Mixed martial arts is often referred to as "cage fighting" in the US as it is associated with the UFC's octagonal caged fighting area. Most major MMA promotions in the US, Canada and Britain use the "cage" as a result of directly evolving from the first UFC events. There are variations on the cage such as replacing the metal fencing with a net, or using a different shape for the area other than an octagon, as the term "The Octagon" is trademarked by the UFC (though the 8-sided shape itself is not trademarked). In Japan, Brazil and some European countries such as the Netherlands an area similar to a standard boxing ring is used, but with tighter ropes and sometimes a barrier underneath the lowest rope to keep grappling athletes from rolling out of the ring. The usage of the ring in these countries is derived from the history of Vale Tudo, Japanese pro-wrestling and other MMA related sports such as kickboxing. The choice of cage or ring is more than aesthetic, however, as it impacts the type of strategies that a fighter can implement. For example, a popular and effective strategy in a cage is to pin an opponent into the area where the fence meets the mat, and then pummel him with strikes. Randy Couture is well known for this tactic. Defensively, the cage is often used as support to fend off take-down attempts, or as a support to get from underneath an opponent (known as "walking up the cage"). These positions are not possible in a roped ring. On the other hand, the roped ring can result in entangled limbs and fighters falling through the ropes, requiring the referee to sometimes stop the fight and reposition the fighters in the center, as well as carrying the possibility for either fighter to sustain an injury. In either a cage or ring, a fighter is not allowed to grab the fence or ropes. Some critics feel that the appearance of fighting in a cage contributes to a negative image of MMA in popular media. The following table shows what each MMA organization uses: Defunct organizations: ==Amateur MMA rules==

UWW promotes amateur MMA with its own set of rules. Protection gear Competitors shall wear UWW approved head guards, gloves, knee pads and shin-instep guards of their assigned red or blue colour. They shall also wear personal groin and mouth guards. Female competitors may wear a chest protector. Protection gear may not contain any metal part whatsoever. The protection gear shall be in a generally clean and serviceable condition and the padding shall not be displaced, broken or imperfect in any way. ==See also==