Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Drafting Committee included • Eleanor Roosevelt, United States (chair) • P. C. Chang, Republic of China • Charles Malik, Lebanon • William Roy Hodgson, Australia • Hernán Santa Cruz, Chile • René Cassin, France • Alexander E. Bogomolov, Soviet Union • Charles Dukes, 1st Baron Dukeston, United Kingdom • John Peters Humphrey, Canada == The drafting process ==

John Peters Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat. In this role, he produced the first draft of a list of rights that were to form the basis of the Declaration. saw as a metaphor for the format of his draft The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft which was prepared by René Cassin working from the Humphrey draft. The structure was influenced by the Code Napoleon, including a preamble and introductory general principles. In Cassin's model, the last three articles of the Declaration provide the pediment which binds the structure together. These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations. Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple, with a foundation, steps, four columns and a pediment. The Cassin draft was submitted to the Commission on Human Rights and was to undergo editing in the commission, then in further drafts considered by the Third Committee of the United Nations, and finally in a draft before the General Assembly of the United Nations, which ultimately adopted the Declaration on 10 December 1948. The vote for the declaration was 48 to 0, with eight abstentions: the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Czechoslovakia, the People's Republic of Poland, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Union of South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. == Controversies ==

The first controversy to resolve was related to the very origin of the human rights, basically the discussion between the supporters of the concepts of natural rights (which humans are endowed by God or Nature) and positive rights (which humans acquire as a result of a rational agreement). The second controversy was basically between the positions of the Marxist theory of the Soviet Bloc and the liberal theory of the Western World. In philosophical terms, the Soviet Bloc criticized the individualist stance of the issue, arguing in favor of the collectivism approach, where the rights of the collective dominate that of an individual. In political terms, the Soviet Union and its satellites, facing mounting accusations of human rights violations, argued that the declaration is a mere formality if it would not consider guarantees of economic and social rights. However these objections were of surprisingly little consequence, because the Soviet Bloc was not very active during the seating of the commission, perhaps indicating a preestablished decision not to sign the Declaration. == UDHR timeline ==

Source: United Nations Year Book 1948–1949, pp. 524 et seq 1945 • United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco 1946 • 15 February, Establishment of "Nuclear Committee" of Commission on Human Rights. • 29 April - 20 May 1946 - First Meeting of the Nuclear Committee. • 21 June 1946 - The UN Economic and Social Council adopts terms of reference of permanent Commission on Human Rights 1947 • 27 January - 10 February - First Meeting of the Commission on Human Rights, Lake Success, New York. Drafting Committee established. • 9 June - 25 June - First Meeting of the Drafting Committee, Lake Success, New York. Draft outline of an International Bill of Human Rights prepared by the UN Secretariat ("the Humphrey Draft"). Drafting Committee splits work into two documents: preparation of a declaration of human rights and a working paper on a draft international convention on human rights. • 2 December - 17 December - Second Session of the Commission on Human Rights, Geneva. Commission begins to consider work on three projects: a declaration on human rights, and international convention on human rights and measures for implementation and enforcement 1948 • 3 May - 21 May, Second Session of the Drafting Committee, Lake Success, New York. • 24 May - 18 June, Third Session of the Commission on Human Rights, Lake Success, New York. Commission adopts a draft Declaration and transmits it to the Economic and Social Council. • 26 August, Economic and Social Council transmits draft to the General Assembly. • 21 September – Third session of the United Nations General Assembly begins • 30 September - 7 December, Third Committee of General Assembly spends 81 meetings considering the Declaration. 168 resolutions for amendments to the draft, submitted and considered. • 1–4 December, Sub-committee of Third Committee charged with cross checking 5 official language versions. • 10 December, Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly == Notes ==