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US Airways Flight 1549

US Airways Flight 1549 was a regularly scheduled US Airways flight from New York City's LaGuardia Airport to Charlotte and Seattle, in the United States, that ditched onto the Hudson River shortly after takeoff on January 15, 2009, due to a double engine failure caused by a bird strike. The Airbus A320 operating the flight, registered N106US, struck a flock of Canada geese shortly after takeoff from LaGuardia, resulting in a dual engine failure. Given their position in relation to the available airports and their low altitude, pilots Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger and Jeffrey Skiles decided to glide the aircraft into a water landing on the Hudson River near Midtown Manhattan, doing so without significant damage to the aircraft. All 155 people on board survived and were rescued by nearby boats, although 100 people were injured, 5 seriously. The time from the bird strike to the ditching was less than four minutes.

Background
The aircraft in question, N106US, was an Airbus A320-214 built in 1999 in Toulouse, France for US Airways. Its first flight was on June 15, 1999, and was delivered to US Airways one month later. It was powered by two CFM International CFM56-5B4/P turbofan engines. On January 15, 2009, US Airways Flight 1549 with call sign "CACTUS 1549" was scheduled to fly from New York City's LaGuardia Airport (LGA) to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport (SEA), with a planned intermediate stop at Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT) in Charlotte, North Carolina. The pilot in command was 57-year-old Captain Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger, a former fighter pilot who had been an airline pilot since leaving the United States Air Force in 1980. At the time, he had logged 19,663 total flight hours, including 4,765 in an A320; he was also a glider pilot and expert on aviation safety. The second in command (co-pilot) was 49-year-old First Officer Jeffrey Skiles, who had accrued 15,643 career flight hours, including 37 in an A320, There were 150 passengers and 3 flight attendants—Sheila Dail, Donna Dent and Doreen Welsh—on board. == Accident ==
Accident
Takeoff and bird strike The flight was cleared for takeoff to the northeast from LaGuardia's Runway 4 at 15:24:56 Eastern Standard Time (20:24:56 UTC). With Skiles in control, the crew made its first report after becoming airborne at 15:25:51 as being at and climbing. The weather at 14:51 was visibility with broken clouds at , wind from 290°; an hour later it was few clouds at , wind from 310°. in the diagonal center and New Jersey in the distance. The George Washington Bridge is at right, Central Park Reservoir at upper left, and Teterboro Airport at the right center within the elbow of the Overpeck Creek. At 15:27:11, during climbout, the plane struck a flock of Canada geese at an altitude of about north-northwest of LaGuardia. The pilots' view was filled with the large birds; passengers and crew heard very loud bangs and saw flames from the engines, followed by silence and an odor of fuel. Realizing that both engines had shut down, Sullenberger took control while Skiles worked the checklist for engine restart. "... this is Cactus fifteen thirty nine [siccorrect call sign was Cactus 1549], hit birds. We've lost thrust on both engines. We're turning back towards LaGuardia". told LaGuardia's tower to hold all departures, and directed Sullenberger back to Runway 13. Sullenberger responded, "Unable". Permission was given for Teterboro's Runway 1, and the flight attendants relayed the command to passengers. Meanwhile, air traffic controllers asked the Coast Guard to caution vessels in the Hudson and ask them to prepare to help with the rescue. Ditching and evacuation About ninety seconds later, at 15:30, the plane made an unpowered ditching, descending southwards at about into the middle of the North River section of the Hudson tidal estuary, at on the New York side of the state line, roughly opposite West 50th Street (near the Intrepid Museum) in Midtown Manhattan and Port Imperial in Weehawken, New Jersey. According to FDR data, the plane impacted the river at a calibrated airspeed of with a 9.5° pitch angle, flight path angle of −3.4°, angle of attack between 13° and 14°, and a descent rate of . Sullenberger opened the cockpit door and gave the order to evacuate. The crew began evacuating the passengers through the four overwing window exits and into an inflatable slide raft deployed from the front right passenger door (the front left slide failed to operate, so the manual inflation handle was pulled). The evacuation was made more difficult by the fact that someone opened the rear left door, allowing more water to enter the plane; whether this was a flight attendant or a passenger is disputed. Water was also entering through a hole in the fuselage and through cargo doors that had come open, so as the water rose the attendant urged passengers to move forward by climbing over seats. One passenger was a wheelchair user. Finally, Sullenberger walked the cabin twice to confirm it was empty. The air and water temperatures were about and , respectively. Rescue File:Flight1549CrashAndRescue.ogg |thumbtime=0:50 |Coast Guard video of the water landing, and rescue File:Plane and ferry in the Hudson 2.jpg| First NY Waterway ferry arrives at the crash site File:US Air Flight 1549 rescue efforts.jpg| Rescue efforts and the Coast Guard, as well as Flight 1549 halfway sinking File:US Airways Flight 1549 in Hudson cropped.JPG | Boats surround the tail of the sunken plane, visible just above the water line Two NY Waterway ferries arrived within minutes and began taking people aboard using a Jason's cradle; Sullenberger advised the ferry crews to rescue those on the wings first, as they were in more jeopardy than those on the slides, which detached to become life rafts. as did police, helicopters, and various vessels and divers. Other agencies provided medical help on the Weehawken side of the river, where most passengers were taken. == Aftermath ==
Aftermath
Passengers and crew sustained 95 minor and five serious injuries, 78 people received medical treatment, mostly for minor injuries 24 passengers and two rescuers were treated at hospitals, with two passengers kept overnight. Eye damage from jet fuel caused one passenger to need glasses. Each passenger later received a letter of apology, $5,000 in compensation for lost baggage (and $5,000 more if they could demonstrate larger losses), and a refund of their ticket price. In May 2009, they received any belongings that had been recovered. Passengers also reported offers of $10,000 each in return for agreeing not to sue US Airways. Many passengers and rescuers later experienced post-traumatic stress symptoms such as sleeplessness, flashbacks, and panic attacks; some began an email support group. Patrick Harten, the controller who had worked the flight, said that "the hardest, most traumatic part of the entire event was when it was over", and that he was "gripped by raw moments of shock and grief". A few months after the crash, Captain Sullenberger, while being interviewed by AARP: The Magazine, was asked how he was able to execute a nearly perfect water landing. He replied, "One way of looking at this might be that for 42 years, I've been making small, regular deposits in this bank of experience, education and training. And on January 15, the balance was sufficient so that I could make a very large withdrawal." In an effort to prevent similar accidents, officials captured and exterminated 1,235 Canada geese at 17 locations across New York City in mid-2009 and coated 1,739 goose eggs with oil to smother the developing goslings. As of 2017, 70,000 birds had been intentionally killed in New York City through programs instituted after the ditching. N106US, the accident aircraft, was purchased by the Carolinas Aviation Museum (since renamed to Sullenberger Aviation Museum) in Charlotte, North Carolina, where it (and the plane's engines) was put on display. == Investigation ==
Investigation
The partially submerged plane was towed downstream and moored to a pier near the World Financial Center in Lower Manhattan, roughly from the ditching location. to New Jersey. The left engine, which had been detached from the aircraft by the ditching, was recovered from the riverbed on January 23. The initial National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) evaluation that the plane had lost thrust after a bird strike was confirmed by analysis of the cockpit voice and flight data recorders. It was found in the investigation that two days before the accident, the aircraft had experienced a compressor stall on the right engine, but the engine had restarted and the flight was completed. A faulty temperature sensor was found to be the cause of the compressor stall. This sensor had been replaced and the inspection also verified the engine had not been damaged in that incident. On January 21, the NTSB found evidence of damage from a soft-body impact in the right engine along with organic debris including a feather. The left engine also showed soft-body impacts, with "dents on both the spinner and inlet lip of the engine cowling. Five booster inlet guide vanes are fractured and eight outlet guide vanes are missing." were sent to the manufacturer for examination. On January 31, the plane was moved to Kearny, New Jersey. The bird remains were later identified by DNA testing to be Canada geese, which typically weigh more than engines are designed to withstand ingesting. The NTSB used flight simulators to test the possibility that the flight could have returned safely to LaGuardia or diverted to Teterboro; only seven of the thirteen simulated returns to La Guardia succeeded, and only one of the two to Teterboro. Furthermore, the NTSB report called these simulations unrealistic: "The immediate turn made by the pilots during the simulations did not reflect or account for real-world considerations, such as the time delay required to recognize the bird strike and decide on a course of action." A further simulation, in which a 35-second delay was inserted to allow for those, crashed. reasoning that the checklist for dual-engine failure is designed for higher altitudes when pilots have more time to deal with the situation, and that while simulations showed that the plane might have just barely made it back to LaGuardia, those scenarios assumed an instant decision to do so, with no time allowed for assessing the situation. On May 4, 2010, the NTSB issued its final report, which identified the probable cause as "the ingestion of large birds into each engine, which resulted in an almost total loss of thrust in both engines". The final report credited the outcome to four factors: good decision-making and teamwork by the cockpit crew (including decisions to immediately turn on the APU and to ditch in the Hudson); that the A320 is certified for extended overwater operation (and hence carried life vests and additional raft/slides, despite those not being required for that route); the performance of the flight crew during the evacuation; and the proximity of working vessels to the ditching site. Contributing factors were good visibility and fast response times from the ferry operators and emergency responders. The report made 34 recommendations, including that engines be tested for resistance to bird strikes at low speeds; development of checklists for dual-engine failures at low altitude, and changes to checklist design in general "to minimize the risk of flight crewmembers becoming stuck in an inappropriate checklist or portion of a checklist"; improved pilot training for water landings; provision of life vests on all flights regardless of route, and changes to the locations of vests and other emergency equipment; research into improved wildlife management, and technical innovations on aircraft, to reduce bird strikes; research into possible changes in passenger brace positions; and research into "methods of overcoming passengers' inattention" during preflight safety briefings. However, Sullenberger said that these computer-imposed limits also prevented him from achieving the optimal landing flare for the ditching, which would have softened the impact. == Crew awards and honors ==
Crew awards and honors
{{quote box |salign=right|align=left|width=35%|quote=The reactions of all members of the crew, the split second decision making and the handling of this emergency and evacuation was "text book" and an example to us all. To have safely executed this emergency ditching and evacuation, with the loss of no lives, is a heroic and unique aviation achievement. An NTSB board member called the ditching "the most successful... in aviation history. These people knew what they were supposed to do and they did it and as a result, no lives were lost." U.S. President George W. Bush said he was "inspired by the skill and heroism of the flight crew", and praised the emergency responders and volunteers. President-elect Barack Obama said that everyone was proud of Sullenberger's "heroic and graceful job in landing the damaged aircraft". He thanked the crew, whom he invited to his inauguration five days later. The Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators awarded the crew the rarely bestowed Master's Medal on January 22, 2009, for outstanding aviation achievement, at the discretion of the Master of the Guild. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg presented the crew with the Keys to the City, and Sullenberger with a replacement copy of a library book lost on the flight, Sidney Dekker's Just Culture: Balancing Safety and Accountability. Rescuers received Certificates of Honor. The crew received a standing ovation at the Super Bowl XLIII on February 1, 2009, and Sullenberger threw the ceremonial first pitch of the 2009 Major League Baseball season for the San Francisco Giants. His Giants jersey was inscribed with the name "Sully" and the number 155the count of people aboard the plane. On July 28, passengers Dave Sanderson and Barry Leonard organized a thank-you luncheon for emergency responders. Sullenberger was named Grand Marshal for the 2010 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California. Sullenberger retired on March 3, 2010, after thirty years with US Airways and its predecessor, Pacific Southwest Airlines. At the end of his final flight he was reunited with Skiles and a number of the passengers from Flight 1549. On April 28, 2010, the entire flight crew were awarded the National Air and Space Museum Trophy for Current Achievement. In 2013, they were also inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. In August 2010, aeronautical chart publisher Jeppesen issued a humorous approach plate titled "Hudson Miracle APCH", dedicated to the five crew of Flight 1549 and annotated "Presented with Pride and Gratitude from your friends at Jeppesen". == In popular culture ==
In popular culture
Sullenberger's 2009 memoir, Highest Duty: My Search for What Really Matters, was adapted into the feature film Sully, directed by Clint Eastwood. It starred Tom Hanks as Sullenberger and Aaron Eckhart as Skiles. Vince Lombardi, the captain of the first ferry to reach the downed plane, appears as himself. It was released by Warner Bros. on September 9, 2016. Irish composer Donnacha Dennehy wrote Hard Landing about the event. It was commissioned by the BBC, first performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales on 6 February 2025, and premiered on BBC Radio 3 on 29 March 2025. It has been reported that a cocktail had been named in Sullenberger's honor: the "Sully" consisted of two shots of Grey Goose vodka and a splash of water. == See also ==
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