Early life Havard was born in
Compiegne, France. After graduating from the Institute of Beauvais, he studied medicine in
Paris before
immigrating to the United States. He entered
Manhattan College and the medical department of
New York University, in
New York City, graduating from both in 1869. For a time thereafter, he was house physician in Children's Hospital and professor of French, chemistry, and botany at Manhattan College.
Frontier posts In 1871, he was appointed an acting assistant surgeon in the army and was
commissioned an assistant surgeon in the medical corps three years later. For six months in 1877, he served with the
7th Cavalry in
Montana in pursuit of hostile
Sioux and
Nez Perce Indians. He served in the field during the
Battle of San Juan Hill on July 1. After the war, he joined the staff of General
Leonard Wood in Havana as chief surgeon of the Division of Cuba and continued with Wood when he became military governor. While in Havana in October 1900, he was the subject of a severe attack of yellow fever. After being embedded with Russian forces just over a month, Havard was captured by the
Imperial Japanese Army at the
Battle of Mukden. Upon reaching Tokyo, he was sent back to the United States. In his official report, Havard compiled a list of lessons learned from the Russo-Japanese experience. He noted the lack of frontal assaults that were the result of improved weaponry, particularly the machine gun. Flanking movements became more necessary to avoid the machine gun, which necessitated increased frequency and distance of forced marches. In previous wars, soldiers were able to rest at night and armies saw little action during winter months. Both practices had become antiquated. Attacks were often ordered at night and the waging of war never ceased, even in subzero temperatures. According to Havard, the result of these trends was soldiers experiencing an increased level of battle fatigue, as well as resurgence in the usefulness of the bayonet in night assaults. The Japanese claimed seven percent of their casualties resulted from bayonet wounds. Because of his observations in Manchuria, Havard recommended changes to the U.S. Army's Medical Corps. He suggested the war department devise a plan to train and mobilize large numbers of medical personnel for war and to promote the development of civilian organizations such as the Red Cross. Because of the increased number of casualties resulting from modern weaponry, Havard stressed the significance of training enlisted soldiers in assisting medical officers in field hospitals. He also spoke to the importance of devising an adequate evacuation system from the battlefield to military hospitals. He explained that railroads were of importance in this process. Havard also advocated the implementation of telephone technology for hospital staff to have quick access to information from the battle. He was subsequently elected to a term as president of the Association of Military Surgeons. In 1906, he was appointed president of the faculty of the
Army Medical School, which he held until he retired from military duty in 1910. Upon retirement, Havard established his home in
Fairfield, Connecticut. There, he continued a career of writing begun when he entered the army.
World War I With the onset of World War I, Colonel Havard was called from retirement for duty with the Cuban government in the reorganization of the medical departments of its army and navy (1917–1923), for which he received the Cuban Order of Military Merit. In his 81st year, he died on board the steamship
Columbo while returning from a visit to France. ==Writings==