Operetta

The term operetta arises in the mid-eighteenth-century Italy and it is first acknowledged as an independent genre in Paris around 1850. The definition of operetta has changed over the centuries and ranges depending on each country's history with the genre. It is often used to refer to pieces that resemble the one-act compositions by Offenbach in contrast with his full length compositions, 'opéra-bouffe'. Offenbach invented this art form in response to the French government's oppressive laws surrounding the stagings of works that were larger than one act or contained more than four characters. (Boccaccio, or the Prince of Palermo'') by Franz von Suppé in 1879. An example of early Viennese operetta. == History ==

Operetta became recognized as a musical genre around 1850 in Paris. In 1870, the centre for operetta shifted to Vienna when Paris fell to the Prussians. They contain spoken dialogue interspersed between musical numbers, and often the principal characters, as well as the chorus, are called upon to dance, although the music is largely derived from 19th-century operatic styles, with an emphasis on singable melodies. In the early decades of the 20th century, operetta continued to exist alongside the newer musicals, with each influencing the other. The distinctive traits of operetta are found in the musical theatre works of Jerome Kern, Richard Rodgers and Stephen Sondheim. ==Operetta in French==

Origins Operetta was first created in Paris, France in the middle of the 19th century in order to satisfy a need for short, light works in contrast to the full-length entertainment of the increasingly serious opéra comique. Many scholars have debated as to which composer should be credited as the inventor of operetta; Jaques Offenbach or Hervé. It is concluded that Hervé completed the groundwork, and Offenbach refined and developed the art form into the concept of operetta as we know it today. Therefore, "Offenbach is considered the father of French operetta – but so is Hervé." Jacques Offenbach is most responsible for the development and popularization of operetta—also called or —giving it its enormous vogue during the Second Empire and afterwards. The two operettas were considered a major hit. playwright Emmerich Kálmán is the Csárdáskirálynő ("Czardas Queen"). It was played at Broadway, by the name 'Riviera Girl'. The political limitations placed on Offenbach and Parisian theatre were gradually lifted, and operetta gained wide popularity. While Offenbach's earliest one-act pieces included Les deux aveugles, Le violoneux and Ba-ta-clan (all 1855) did well, his first full-length operetta, Orphée aux enfers (1858), was by far the most successful. It became the first repertory operetta and was staged hundreds of times across Europe and beyond. This international travel resulted in the appearance of strong national schools in both nations. By the 1870s, however, Offenbach's popularity declined. The public showed more interest in romantic operettas that showed the "grace and refinement" of the late Romantic period. This included Messager's operetta Véronique and Louis Ganne's Les saltimbanques. The 20th century found French operetta even more out of favor as the international public turned to Anglo-American and Viennese operettas, which continued to develop the art form into the late Romantic era. == Operetta in German and Hungarian ==

Offenbach was unabashed about spreading operetta around the continent. In 1861, he staged some of his recent works at the Carltheater in Vienna, which paved the way for Austrian and German composers. Soon, Vienna became the epicenter of operetta productions. Austria–Hungary The most significant composer of operetta in the German language was the Austrian Johann Strauss II (1825–1899). Strauss was recruited from the dance hall and introduced a distinct Viennese style to the genre. Suppé was a contemporary to Strauss and composed over 30 operettas 180 farces, ballets and other stage works. Recently, though most of his works have been fallen into obscurity, many of them have been reprised within films, cartoons, advertisements and so on. Both Strauss and Suppé are considered to be the most notable composers of the Golden Age of Viennese operetta. Following the death of Johann Strauss and his contemporary, Franz von Suppé, Franz Lehár was the heir apparent. Lehar is widely considered the leading operetta composer of the 20th century and his most successful operetta, Die lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow), is one of the classic operettas still in repertory. poster by Franz Lehár Lehár assisted in leading operetta into the Silver Age of Viennese Operetta. During this time, Viennese censorship laws were changed in 1919. Lehár is most responsible for giving the genre renewed vitality. Studying at the Prague Conservatory, Lehár began as a theatre violinist and then took off as a composer in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During 1905, Lehár's Die lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow) paved a pathway for composers such as Leo Fall, Oscar Straus, and Emmerich Kálmán to continue the tradition of operetta. The Viennese tradition was carried on by Oscar Straus, Carl Zeller, Karl Millöcker, Leo Fall, Richard Heuberger, Edmund Eysler, Ralph Benatzky, Robert Stolz, Leo Ascher, Emmerich Kálmán, Nico Dostal, Fred Raymond, Igo Hofstetter, Paul Abraham and Ivo Tijardović in the 20th century. Germany , father of the Berlin operetta In the same way that Vienna was the center of Austrian operetta, Berlin was the center of German operetta. Berlin operetta often had its own style, including, especially after World War I, elements of jazz and other syncopated dance rhythms, a transatlantic style, and the presence of ragged marching tunes. Berlin operettas also sometimes included aspects of burlesque, revue, farce, or cabaret. Paul Lincke pioneered the Berlin operetta in 1899 with Frau Luna, which includes "Berliner Luft" ("Berlin Air"), which became the unofficial anthem of Berlin. His Lysistrata (1902) includes the song and tune "The Glow-Worm", which remains quite popular internationally. Much later, in the 1920s and 1930s, Kurt Weill took a more extreme form of the Berlin operetta style and used it in his operas, operettas, and musicals. It is arguable that some of Kurt Weill's compositions could be considered modernist operetta. The Berlin-style operetta coexisted with more bourgeois, charming, home-loving, and nationalistic German operettas – some of which were called Volksoperetten (folk operettas). A prime example is Leon Jessel's extremely popular 1917 Schwarzwaldmädel (Black Forest Girl). These bucolic, nostalgic, home-loving operettas were officially preferred over Berlin-style operettas after 1933, when the Nazis came to power and instituted the Reichsmusikkammer (State Music Institute), which deprecated and banned "decadent" music like jazz and similar "foreign" musical forms. In the beginning of twenty-first century, German revival of operetta was an unforeseen theatrical development. Notable German operetta composers include Paul Lincke, Eduard Künneke, Walter Kollo, Jean Gilbert, Leon Jessel, Rudolf Dellinger, Walter Goetze and Ludwig Schmidseder. == Operetta in English ==

'' Offenbach's influence reached England by the 1860s. Arthur Sullivan, of the Gilbert and Sullivan duo, composed Cox and Box (1866) as a direct reaction to Offenbach's Les deux aveugles (1855). Their works, such as H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado, continue to enjoy regular performances throughout the English-speaking world. While many of these operas seem to be very light-hearted, works such as The Mikado were making political commentaries on the British government and military with one of the main topics being capital punishment which was still widely used at the time. English operetta continued into the 1890s, with works by composers such as Edward German, Ivan Caryll and Sidney Jones. These quickly evolved into the lighter song-and-dance pieces known as Edwardian musical comedy. Beginning in 1907, with The Merry Widow, many of the Viennese operettas were adapted very successfully for the English stage. To explain this phenomenon, Derek Scott writes,In January 1908, London's Daily Mail claimed that The Merry Widow had been performed 450 times in Vienna, 400 times in Berlin, 350 times in St Petersburg, 300 times in Copenhagen, and was currently playing every evening in Europe in nine languages. In the USA, five companies were presenting it, and "the rush for tickets at the New Amsterdam Theatre" was likened to "the feverish crowding round the doors of a threatened bank". Stan Czech, in his Lehár biography, claims that by 1910 it had been performed "around 18,000 times in ten languages on 154 American, 142 German, and 135 British stages".The international embrace of operetta directly correlated with the development of both the West End in London and Broadway in New York. American operetta composers included Victor Herbert, whose works at the beginning of the 20th century were influenced by both Viennese operetta and Gilbert and Sullivan. He was followed by Sigmund Romberg and Rudolph Friml. Nevertheless, American operetta largely gave way, by the end of World War I, to musicals, such as the Princess Theatre musicals, and revues, followed by the musicals of Rodgers and Hart, Cole Porter, Irving Berlin and others. Another notable operetta in English is Candide by Leonard Bernstein. It was advertised as a "comic operetta." Candide's score in some ways was typical for its announced genre with some waltzes, but Bernstein added the schottische, gavotte, and other dances, and also entered the opera house with the aria "Glitter and Be Gay" == Operetta in Italian ==

Operetta was the first imported vocal genre in Italy. Since the 1860s, French and Viennese composers such as Offenbach, Hervé, Suppé, Strauss Jr and Lehár have significantly influenced the operatic tradition of Italy. The widespread popularity of foreign operetta in Italy reached its climax at the turn of the century, in particular with the success of La vedova allegra, which premiered in Milan in 1907. Reception and controversy The audiences of operetta during the 1860s and 1870s are described as rowdy and loud. Operetta was considered one of the major controversies about Italian music and culture between the 1860s and the 1920s. During that period, strong nationalistic undertones in Italy strived to unify its national identity. Recognizing operetta as a foreign genre, operetta was perceived as an art form that would contaminate Italian opera or illegitimately undermine its primacy on the stage. It was not until the early twentieth century that Italian composers systematically engaged in writing operetta. == Operetta in Romanian ==

In 1848, (Baba the Old Witch) became the first operetta created in Romania; composed by the Moldavian composer of German-Saxon origin , who was seeking a distinctly Romanian musical style, it premiered on 26 December 1848 at the National Theatre in Iași. The work is a vaudeville with an unusually developed musical dimension. Baba the Witch is a popular figure from traditional Romanian folktales, credited with freezing waters and living in isolation in a cave or at the top of a tall tree; fairy tales also attribute to her a benevolent aspect. In 1882, another major success marked the birth of operetta in the country: Crai Nou (The New Moon), by the young composer Ciprian Porumbescu, with a libretto by Vasile Alecsandri. The premiere took place in Brașov on an improvised stage, the Romanian Gymnasium's festival hall, on 27 February 1882. The work, which highlights Romanian culture and traditions in contrast to Viennese culture, displays a distinctly patriotic character at a time when Transylvania was under Austro-Hungarian rule. It is particularly renowned for its famous Viennese-style chorus and for Porumbescu’s success in integrating the Romanian folk spirit—such as the Hora, Doina, peasant dances, and traditional songs—into lyrical art while combining it with Western influences. Three other composers Eduard Caudella with Harță Răzeșul (1872), George Stephănescu with Sânziana și Pepelea (1880), on a libretto by Vasile Alecsandri and Scaiul bărbaților (1885), and Constantin Dimitrescu with Sergentul Cartuș (1895) and Nini (1897), were the first creators of Romanian operettas. They played a pivotal role in cultivating and establishing the Romanian public’s keen interest in this art form, a genre that has remained popular to the present day. 30 October 1954 marks a milestone in Romanian creative life with the premiere of the work (Let Me Sing) by , to a libretto by Erastia Sever, Liliana Delescu, and Viorel Cosma, in which the leading role was performed by Ion Dacian. This anniversary work, written in 1953 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Ciprian Porumbescu, is a celebration of his operetta Crai Nou, composed 72 years earlier in 1882. It thus forms a bridge to the first Romanian operetta. In a context of decline for operetta in Romania, the production presented on the stage of the State Operetta Theatre was an enormous success, a success undoubtedly owed in large part to its excellent cast. The work was also performed abroad, in other countries of the Eastern Bloc, and its libretto was translated into German, Czech, Russian, and Hungarian. The successors of Ion Dacian continued to maintain a balance between works from the classical Austrian and Hungarian repertoires (Strauss, Lehár, Kálmán, Benatzky, etc.) and Romanian creations such as Spune inimioară, spune! (Say, My Heart, Say!, 1972) by , Mătușa mea, Faustina (My Aunt Faustina) (1973) by Liviu Cavassi and Doru Butoiescu, and Raspantia (1975) and Leonard (1976) by . The domestic programming reflected the contributions of authors who played a significant role in Romanian operetta: (1901–1973), Filaret Barbu (1903–1984), Nicolae Kirculescu (1903–1985), (1905–1996), Alfred Mendelsohn (1910–1966), (1917–1985), (1920–2000), (1922–1977), and (1927–1999). This approach allowed the theatre to combine an international tradition with Romanian cultural identity, sustaining public interest in the operetta genre. In 1977, to celebrate the centenary of Romania’s independence, a special work was staged: Eternel Iubiri (Eternal Love), composed by George Grigoriu with a libretto by Constantin Florea. The premiere took place on 7 May 1977 at the State Operetta Theatre of Bucharest. The work, centered on the struggle against the Turks, aligned with the nationalist propaganda of the Communist Party, emphasizing patriotism and heroes of Romanian history. This national-communist cultural policy, which became highly visible under Ceaușescu, had already been initiated in the 1960s by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. The 2002–2003 season opened with a major national premiere, Fântâna Blanduziei (The Fountain of Blanduzia), created by one of the most renowned contemporary composers, Cornel Trăilescu, to a libretto by the poet and playwright , based on the original work (1883) by the Romanian poet Vasile Alecsandri. Lăsați-mă să cânt returned to the repertoire during the 2003–2004 season. Productions multiplied until 2005, strengthening the institution’s identity and visibility within the Romanian cultural landscape. == See also ==