Antibody titer An
antibody titer is a measurement of how much
antibody an organism has produced that recognizes a particular
epitope. It is conventionally expressed as the inverse of the greatest dilution level that still gives a positive result on some test.
ELISA is a common means of determining antibody titers. For example, the
indirect Coombs test detects the presence of anti-Rh antibodies in a pregnant woman's
blood serum. A patient might be reported to have an "indirect Coombs titer" of 16. This means that the patient's serum gives a positive indirect Coombs test at any dilution down to 1/16 (1 part serum to 15 parts diluent). At greater dilutions the indirect Coombs test is negative. If a few weeks later the same patient had an indirect Coombs titer of 32 (1/32 dilution which is 1 part serum to 31 parts diluent), this would mean that she was making
more anti-Rh antibody, since it took a greater dilution to abolish the positive test. Many traditional serological tests such as
hemagglutination or
complement fixation employ this principle. Such tests can typically be read visually, which makes them fast, cost-effective, and able to be deployed in a wide variety of laboratory environments. The interpretation of any serological titer result is guided by
reference values that are specific to the
antigen or
antibody in question, so a titer of 1:32 may be below the cut-off for one test but above for another.
Other examples A
viral titer is the lowest concentration of a
virus that still infects cells. To determine the titer, several dilutions are prepared, such as 10−1, 10−2, 10−3, ... 10−8. The higher the titer, the harder the fat. This titer is used in determining whether an animal fat is considered
tallow (titer higher than 40 °C) or a
grease (titer below 40 °C). ==See also==