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Volksraad (South African Republic)

The Volksraad of the South African Republic was the parliament of the former South African Republic (ZAR), it existed from 1840 to 1877, and from 1881 to 1902 in part of what is now South Africa. The body ceased to exist after the British Empire's victory in the Second Anglo-Boer War. The Volksraad sat in session in Ou Raadsaal in Church Square, Pretoria.

Unicameral body
In 1840, at the beginning of the Natalia Republic, an adjunct Volksraad was created in Potchefstroom for settlers west of the Drakensberg. Volksraad was initially a unicameral body. It consisted of three members for each of the districts of Potchefstroom, Lydenburg, Rustenburg, Zoutpansberg, Pretoria, Wakkerstroom, Utrecht, Middelburg, Heidelberg, Waterberg, Marico, and Bloemhof, and one member for each of the towns of Potchefstroom, Lydenburg, Rustenburg, and Pretoria. The members had to be of European origin, over thirty years old, possessed real estate, never convicted of crime, member of a Protestant church, and voters in the Republic of at least three years. Before 1873 the members were elected for two years, and half of the members retired every two years. The Volksraad met once a year in ordinary session. == Bicameral body ==
Bicameral body
at the Ou Raadsaal, circa 1890 Initially a unicameral body, the Volksraad was divided into two chambers in 1890 in order to keep Boer control over state matters while still giving Uitlanders (foreigners) — many of whom were temporarily employed in the mining industry — a say in local affairs, in order to fend off British complaints. From 1890 the Volksraad consisted of two houses of 24 members each. The "Second Volksraad" had suffrage for all white males above 16 years, and had limited legislative powers in the fields of mining, road construction, copyright and certain commercial affairs, all subject to ratification by the "First Volksraad". This was the highest authority in charge of state policy, with preference being given to fully franchised burghers for appointment to government posts. The members of the First Volkraad were elected for four years. First Volksraad members had to be born in the state. The Second Volksraad, of the Uitlanders, was allegedly without power. == Chairmen of the Volksraad 1844–1890 ==
Chairmen of the Volksraad 1844–1890
The chairmen of the unicameral Volksraad (Voorzitter van den Volksraad). • J. D. Van Coller, 1844 • Casper Jan Hendrik Kruger, 1 Aug 1845 - 8 Oct 1845 • Johannes Gerhardus Stephanus Bronkhorst, 11 Dec 1845 - 11 Dec 1845 • Jacob de Clercq, 19 Sep 1849 - 19 Sep 1849 • , ?-1858-? • Maurits de Vries, 1867 • Maurits de Vries, 1872-1873 • Petrus Jacobus Joubert, 1873-1875 • Cornelis Johannes Bodenstein, 1875-1877 • British annexation as Transvaal Colony 1877-1880 • Cornelis Johannes Bodenstein, 1880-1884 • J. J. Hoffman, ?-1886-? • B. A. Kloppers, ?-1887-? • W. J. Jacobs, ?-1890-? == Chairmen of the First Volksraad 1890–1902==
Chairmen of the First Volksraad 1890–1902
The chairmen of the First Volksraad (Voorzitter van den Eersten Volksraad). • Frederik Gerhardus Hendrik Wolmarans, 1890-1891 • P. A. Klopper, ?-1891-? • Jacobus Marthinus Malan, ?-1894-? • Schalk Willem Burger, 1895-1896 • T. N. de Villiers, ?-1897-? • Frederik Gerhardus Hendrik Wolmarans, 1898-1899 • Lucas Johannes Meyer, 1899-1900-? == Chairmen of the Second Volksraad 1890–1902==
Chairmen of the Second Volksraad 1890–1902
The chairmen of the Second Volksraad (Voorzitter van den Tweede Volksraad). • Hendrik Vermaas, 1891-? • Jacobus Johannes Burger, ?-1892-1894-? • Nicolaas Samuel Malherbe, ?-1894-1898-? ==References==
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