VVV was first published in June 1942. The magazine was published and edited by
David Hare in collaboration with
Marcel Duchamp,
André Breton, and
Max Ernst.
VVV's editorial board also enlisted a number of associated thinkers and artists, including
Aimé Césaire,
Philip Lamantia, and
Robert Motherwell. Each edition focused on "
poetry,
plastic arts,
anthropology,
sociology, (and)
psychology," and was lavishly illustrated by Surrealist artists, including
Giorgio de Chirico,
Roberto Matta and
Yves Tanguy. The magazine was experimental in format and in content.
VVV included fold-out pages, sheets of different sizes and paper stock, and bold typography and color. The second magazine (which included issues two and three) featured a "
readymade" by Duchamp as the back cover which was a cutout female figure "imprisoned" by a piece of actual
chicken wire. Only four issues of
VVV were published (the second and third issues were printed as a single volume). The last one was published in February 1944. However, it provided an outlet for European Surrealist artists, who were displaced from their home countries by
World War II, to communicate with American artists. ==See also==