Wadaad's writing

The Arabic script was introduced to Somalia in the 10th century by Sheikh Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn (colloquially referred to as Aw Barkhadle meaning "Blessed Father") a man described as "the most outstanding saint in Somalia." Of Somali descent, he sought to advance the teachings of the Qur'an. Al-Kawneyn devised a Somali nomenclature for the Arabic vowels, which enabled his pupils to read and write in Arabic. Sheikh Abi-Bakr Al Alawi, a Harari historian, states in his book that Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn was of native and local Dir extraction. Although various Somali wadaads and scholars had used the Arabic script to write in Somali for centuries, it would not be until the 19th century when the Qadiriyyah saint Sheikh Uways al-Barawi of the Digil and Mirifle clan would improve the application of the Arabic script to represent the Maay dialect of southern Somalia, which at the time was close to standard Somali with Arabic script. Al-Barawi modeled his alphabet after the Arabic transcription adopted by the Amrani of Barawa (Brava) to also write the Swahili dialect, Bravanese. ''Wadaad's'' writing was often unintelligible to Somali pupils who learned standard Arabic in government-run schools. During the 1930s in the northwestern British Somaliland protectorate, Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil attempted to standardize the orthography in his book The Institution of Modern Correspondence in the Somali language. Following in the footsteps of Sh. Ibraahim 'Abdallah Mayal, Makaahiil therein championed the use of the Arabic script for writing Somali, showing examples of this usage through proverbs, letters and sentences. The city is currently the capital of the Harari region of Ethiopia, and is just south of the prominent Somali-speaking city of Dire Dawa. The traditional architecture is well preserved to this day, but more of relevance is that many manuscripts survive from the city's golden age. These manuscripts are among the most well documented instances of Ajami literature in the Horn of Africa. The Swahili Ajami literature extends as far back as the Islamiziation of the Swahili coast. Though, beginning in the 20th century, a systematic process of "Swahilization" of the Arabic script has been under way by Swahili scribes and scholars. An early attempt was done by Mwalimu Sikujua, a scholar and poet from Mombasa, who built upon the centuries of Arabic script use in the region. == Galaal Script ==

In 1954, the Somali linguist Musa Haji Ismail Galaal (1917–1980) introduced a more radical alteration of Arabic to represent the Somali Language. Galaal came up with an entirely new set of symbols for the Somali vowels. Galaal's goal was to eliminate the need to use diacritics and also to provide easy to write and read distinction between short vowels and long. Lewis (1958) considered this to be the most accurate Arabic alphabet to have been devised for the Somali language. He had published his work in the Islamic Quarterly, outlining and providing examples as to why a new Arabic based script was needed for use in Somalia. Despite the accuracy of Galaal's writing system and its correspondence with Somali phonology, his writing system turned out to be controversial, facing criticism from Somalia's religiously devout and conservative society. The introduction of new letters was interpreted as deviating away from the Arabic script, and moreover, a worry arose that teaching such new letters can cause difficulty in teaching the Quran to Somali students. ==Mayal/Makaahiil==

In 1932, ''Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil ( and in Far Wadaad: مَحَمَّد عَبۡدِ مَكَاهِيل), a Somali scholar who studied at Al-Azhar University, published a short book titled "Inšāʾ al makātibāt al ʿarabiyyah fīl-luġah as-Sūmāliyyah" (; Creating of Arabic correspondences in the Somali language) in which he printed Somali orthographic conventions as well as several sample letters and many sample proverbs. He built upon earlier work by Ibraahim Cabdullaahi Mayal''. In this book, he also argues against those who at the time favored adopting Arabic language as the sole official language of Somalia, and he argued strongly for adopting Arabic Script for Somali language. In Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil's orthographic convention, he added two new diacritics. For short vowel sounds [a], [u], and [i], Arabic diacritics are used. For long vowel sounds [a:], [u:], and [i:], similar to Arabic, the letters alif (ا), wāw (و), and yāʾ (ي) respectively. For the short vowel sound [e], Makaahil interpreted the sound to be in between [a] and [i], thus he proposed to combine "◌َ " (Fatha, [a]) and "◌ِ" and (Dhamma, [i]), and write "◌َِ". As for long vowel sound [e:], it'd be written as "◌َِ" followed by yāʾ (ي). Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of alif (ا). Long vowels are written as they would in the middle of the word, except that wāw (و), and yāʾ (ي) would be preceded by alif instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, alif madda (آ) is used. == Af Maay Script Amendments ==

Af Maay is a prominent dialect of Somali spoken mainly between the Jubba and Shabelle rivers. The dialect ranges between being very understandable to neighboring speakers of Standard, Af Maxaa, Somali, to being incomprehensible upon first exposure to more distant speakers of Af Maxaa Somali. Maay dialect scholars found a need to further specify the Arabic script for their dialect and began using the following standard. ٛ The additional vowel never appears in the long form, and often isn't needed for legibility. However, many Maay writers prefer to make use of it. For example, barwaaqo, is often rendered as barwaaghy, in Maay to further specify the vowel quality and stress differences from standard Somali. These would be written as , and , respectively. The ⟨y⟩ vowel is often akin to /e/ or /o/ in vowel quality, and many neighboring dialects of Standard Somali pronounce these words exactly the same yet write them using the standard conventions. Maay's most frequent use of ⟨y⟩ is in place of the verb ending diphthong /aj/. Neighboring dialects pronounce that diphthong as the short /e/, close to how Maay does. Though Maay makes much broader use of this vowel reduction and thus found a need by its speakers to specifically mark it. == Revision by J. S. King ==

In 1887, British writer, J. S. King wrote for the Indian Antiquary an article titled "Somali as a written language" in which he proposes a standard Arabic based Somali script. Some of the main changes and features were the combined use of both Arabic and Sanskrit features: • The Somali sound is represented as a new character with influence from both and • A new letter is assigned which also seems to have been fused from and • Somali in this case is written as • A new is introduced, with Sanskrit elements to form • Finally, a new is proposed with two dots above the standard Arabic King had also reformed the vowel structure, by introducing separate vowel markers for the Somali and . In this article, he provided over 100 examples of the script in use, some of which include: ==Sample text ==

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights == Far Qur’aanka Script ==

Far Qur’aanka (Qur’an Script) is a proposed writing system developed by Somali researcher and designer Ali Farah. It was created to serve as a unified script for writing the Somali language while maintaining compatibility with Qur’anic reading. The system was conceived to address the limitations of previous attempts to adapt the Arabic script for Somali, which often failed to represent Somali phonology accurately. To overcome these issues, Far Qur’aanka introduces a set of modifications that aim to combine linguistic precision with religious functionality. Features • Designed to be easily readable and writable by Somali speakers. • Accommodates Somali phonological features while preserving Qur’anic orthography. • Differs from earlier efforts that merely modified Arabic letters without full adaptation. • Intended for both everyday Somali writing and Qur’anic use. ==See also==