Wallcreeper

In the past, there was some disagreement among ornithologists as to where the wallcreeper belongs in the taxonomic order. Initially, Linnaeus included it in the treecreepers as Certhia muraria, and even when given a separate genus of its own, Tichodroma, by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in 1811, it was long included in the treecreeper family Certhiidae. More recently, it was placed in its own monotypic family, Tichodromadidae, by Karel Voous in the influential List of Recent Holarctic Bird Species, while other authorities such as Charles Vaurie put it in a monotypic family called Tichodromadinae, as a subfamily of the nuthatch family Sittidae. In either case, it is closely related to the nuthatches; a 2016 phylogenetic study of members in the superfamily Certhioidea suggests it is a sister species to the Sittidae. At least one other species of wallcreeper is known from the fossil record, Tichodroma capeki (Late Miocene of Polgardi, Hungary). The genus name Tichodroma comes from the Ancient Greek teikhos, meaning "wall", and dromos, meaning "runner". The specific name muraria is Medieval Latin for "of walls", from Latin murus, "wall". Alternatively, the wallcreeper is named the red-winged wall creeper. Subspecies Two subspecies are accepted: • European wallcreeper (T. m. muraria) - (Linnaeus, 1766): Found from southern and eastern Europe to the Caucasus and western Iran • Asian wallcreeper (T. m. nepalensis) - Bonaparte, 1850: Originally described as a separate species. Found from Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and eastern Iran to eastern China ==Description==

The wallcreeper is long, with a weight of . Its is primarily blue-grey, with darker flight and tail feathers. In summer, the males have a black throat grading into the grey of the rest of the body, and females can have either a white throat or a small dark patch on the throat; in autumn and winter, both sexes have a white throat. Its most striking plumage feature, though, are its extraordinary crimson wings with white spots. Largely hidden when the wings are folded, this bright colouring covers most of the covert feathers, and the basal half of the primaries and secondaries. The tail is short, black with a narrow white fringe. Juveniles closely resemble the winter plumage. The subspecies T. m. nepalensis is slightly darker than the nominate race. Wallcreeper (Tichodroma muraria) female Piatra Craiului 2.jpg|Typical position at rest Wallcreeper (Tichodroma muraria) female Piatra Craiului 4.jpg|Showing wing colour File:Picchio Muraiolo in volo.jpg|In flight, showing the startling wing pattern Wallcreeper (Tichodroma muraria) female Piatra Craiului.jpg|Female in the Piatra Craiului Mountains, Transylvania, Romania Vocalisations Though largely silent, both male and female wallcreepers sing, the females generally only while defending feeding territories in the winter. The song is a high-pitched, drawn-out whistle, with notes that alternately rise and fall. During the breeding season, the male sings while perched or climbing. ==Distribution and habitat==

, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan A bird of high mountains, the wallcreeper breeds at elevations ranging between in Europe, between in the Tien Shan, and in the Himalaya. It is largely resident across its range, but moves to lower elevations in winter, when it is found on buildings and in quarries. In France it regularly and repeatedly winters on cathedrals and viaducts in Brittany and Normandy. Birds have wintered as far afield as England and the Netherlands, where one spent two consecutive winters between 1989 and 1991 at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. The species is resident across much of the Himalayas, ranging across India, Nepal, Bhutan and parts of Tibet and also as a winter visitor in Bangladesh. ==Behaviour and ecology==

This species can be quite tame, but is often surprisingly difficult to see on mountain faces. While it may be confiding in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, and vagrant birds especially are extremely tame, they will still hide when they are aware of being watched, and will hesitate before entering the nest and even take roundabout routes towards the nest during prolonged observations. It sometimes also chases flying insects in short sallies from a rock wall perch. Feeding birds move across a cliff face in short flights and quick hops, often with their wings partially spread. ==References==