Origins The Walloon Guards were first raised in 1704, at a time when the
Low Countries were under the
Spanish Crown as the
Spanish Netherlands. "Walloons" was the Germanic (
walha) name for their
romanized neighbors. Initially Walloon line infantry regiments were formed by the
Flemish, the
Brabantians and
Walloons to the number of 4,000 men and were recruited among the strongest and tallest men available, to spearhead assaults or to cover retreats.
Establishment The decision to raise a regiment of Walloon Guards was taken on 17 October 1702 by
Philip V of Spain and the new unit arrived in Spain in December the following year. They were linked with the Spanish Guards (
Gardes Espagnoles) raised shortly before. Both regiments had the same organisation, disciplinary regulations and uniforms of dark blue, red and silver. The model for both were the
French Guards (
Gardes Françaises) of the French
Maison du Roi, a detachment of whom were sent to Spain in 1703 to act as instructors.
Recruitment After the independence of the
United Netherlands in
1648 and the cession of the Spanish Netherlands to
Austria at the
Treaty of Utrecht in 1714, Walloons continued to serve in the Spanish army together with foreign soldiers from Switzerland, Ireland, and Italy. The Walloon Guards remained a primarily Walloon unit, although the Austrian authorities attempted to discourage recruitment in the former Spanish Netherlands. Most officers of the Regiment came from long established Spanish families of Walloon origin. In Similarly, some rank and file members of the regiment remained in Spain when their period of service was over, took Spanish wives and encouraged their sons to enlist in the various Walloon units of the Spanish Army. Until about 1808 the upper ranks of the Walloon Guards had to provide evidence of their aristocratic lineage and private incomes.
Late 18th century In March 1766, the Walloon Guard was amongst the troops defending
Charles III of Spain during the
Esquilache Riots, and shots fired by a detachment of the regiment killed a woman, intensifying the crowd's anger. Demands made by the rioters to the king included the disbanding of the Walloon Guards, several of whom were killed during the disturbances. To end the rioting Charles III agreed to disband the regiment, though he reneged on his promise and even increased the unit's pay in June 1767. The Walloon Guards played a significant role in the
Great Siege of Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783. By this date shortfalls in recruiting from the Netherlands were being made up by drawing on Irish and German sources. Until the
Austrian Netherlands were overrun and annexed by the
First French Republic in 1794, the region continued to supply 400 to 500 recruits per year to the Walloon Guards through a recruitment office in
Liège. The three Walloon line infantry regiments,
Brabante,
Flandes and
Bruselas, were dissolved and redistributed to other regiments between 1791 and 1792.
Peninsular War Part of the Walloon Guards were stationed in Madrid at the time of the
French occupation in October 1808. These were incorporated into the French Army, which already included a significant number of Belgian and Dutch units. Four battalions of Walloon Guards garrisoned in
Barcelona and
Aragon continued in Spanish service, seeing much action against the French. With recruitment from the Southern Netherlands effectively ceasing, the Walloon Guards were reduced in numbers to two battalions by January 1812, in spite of drawing on Spanish volunteers as replacements.
Post-Restoration With the restoration of the Spanish Bourbon monarchy in 1814 the Royal Guard was reassembled, but continuing recruitment difficulties meant that the Walloon Guards had become a mainly Spanish unit. On 1 June 1818 the Walloon Guards were accordingly renamed as the Second Regiment of Royal Guards of Infantry, losing their traditional distinctions. In 1824 a new
Guardia Real was raised drawing entirely on Spanish conscripts or volunteers from the regular army. ==References==