Wanggumara

Old Wankumara, spoken along the Bulloo River with the Kalali people, was a "Karna–Mari fringe" language that died out with the passing of its last speakers in the late 20th century. "Modern" Wankumara, spoken along the Wilson River, is a Karnic language, which according to Breen (1967) was identical to the speech of other peoples speaking the Wilson River language. The disambiguator "modern" simply refers to the fact that the Wanggumara people continued speaking that language more recently than the other. ==Country==

According to Norman Tindale, the Wanggumara lands covered some , stretching over Cooper Creek east of Nappa Merrie and Orientos to the area around the ephemeral Wilson River at Nockatunga. Writing in 1886, F. W. Myles described their neighbouring tribes as follows: The names of the tribes which adjoin the Wonkomarra are, to the south, the Poidgerry (on the Currowinya Downs station) and the Bitharra (on the Bulloo Downs station); to the west, the Thiralla (on the Nockatoongo station) and Eromarra (on the Conbar station); to the north, the Bunthomarra (on the Mount Margaret station) and the Murgoin (on the Ardock station); and on the east by the same tribe (on the Dynevor station). ==History of contact==

The first settlers arrived in 1863, and within two decades their population had been reduced substantially to just 90 people. Those surviving moved to Chastleton (former name of Nappa Merrie Station) and Narcowlah where they mingled with the Kalali. ==Social organisation==

The Wanggumara were divided into hordes, concerning which two names possibly referring to their clans survive: • Balpamadramadra (perhaps a clan at Nappa Merrie) • Jaramarala (perhaps a clan at Baryulah) ==Alternative names==

• Wangkumara, Wonkamara, Wonkomarra, Wonkamarra, Wonkamura, Wonkamurra • Wonkubara, Wanggumara • Papagunu (derogatory Yandruwandha exonym name, signifying "dog shit") • Balpamadramadra • Jaramarala ==Some words==

• mari (dog, whether wild or tame) • wanyu (father) • unu (mother) • doona (white man, meaning properly "ghost") ==Notes==