Mashan Miao language

Mang was classified as a branch of Western Hmongic in Wang (1985), who listed four varieties. Matisoff (2001) gave these four varieties the status of separate languages, and, conservatively, did not retain them as a single group within West Hmongic. Li Yunbing (2000) added two minor varieties which had been left unclassified in Wang, Southeastern (Strecker's "Luodian Muyin") and Southwestern ("Wangmo"). • Central Mang: 70,000 speakers • Northern Mang: 35,000 • Western Mang: 14,000 • Southern Mang: 10,000 • Southeastern Mang: 4,000 • Southwestern Mang: 4,000 ==Demographics==

Below is a list of Miao dialects and their respective speaker populations and distributions from Li (2018), along with representative datapoints from Wang (1985). According to Sun (2017), the central dialect of Mashan Miao is spoken in the following locations by a total of approximately 50,000 speakers. • Ziyun County: Zongdi 宗地, Dayi 打易, Gejing 格井, Kehun 克混, Meichang 妹场, Baihua 百花 • Luodian County: Fengting 逢亭, Bianyang 边阳, etc. ==Phonology and script==

A pinyin alphabet had been created for Mang in 1985, but proved to have deficiencies. Wu and Yang (2010) report the creation of a new alphabet, albeit a tentative one, based on the Central Mang dialect of Ziyun County, Zōngdì 宗地 township, Dàdìbà 大地坝 village. Consonants, in pinyin, are: :labial: b p nb np, m f v, by py nby my, bl pl nbl npl ml :lateral: l lj :dental or alveolar stops: d t dl dj nd nt n :dental affricates: z c s nz nc :retroflex: dr tr ndr nr sh r :alveolo-palatal: j q nj x y ny :velar or uvular: g k ngg ng, h w hw :(zero onset) The Latin voiced/voiceless opposition has been coopted to indicate aspiration, as usual in pinyin alphabets. Correspondences between Central Mang dialects include Dadiba retroflex dr, tr with dental z, c in another village of the same Zongdi township, Sanjiao (三脚 Sānjiǎo). The other five varieties of Mang have more palatalized initials than Central Mang, though these can be transcribed as medial -i-. The onsets by, py, nby, my are pronounced in Central Mang and in the other five Mang varieties. Vowels and finals, including those needed for Chinese loans, are: :a aa ai ao ain ang :e ea ei en ein eu ew eng :i iou in ie iu iao ian iang :o ou ow ong :u uw ua ui ue un uai uan uang :yu Most Central Mang and Western Mang dialects have eleven to thirteen tones. Compared to the eight tone categories of other Western Hmongic languages, the odd-numbered tones are each split into two. The tones of at least three villages of Central Mang have been documented: Dadiba (Wu & Yang 2010), Jiaotuozhai (Wang & Mao 1995; Li 2000), and Jingshuiping (Xian 1990; Mortensen 2006, all in the Zongdi township of Ziyun County. They lie several kilometers apart and have minor differences. Although some pairs of tones (such as tones 6 and 7b) have the same value when pronounced alone, they behave differently with regard to tone sandhi and should be treated as different phonologically. Tones also interact with phonation types and vowel quality. Jiaotuozhai tones 4 and 6 are breathy voiced and have higher vowels. ==Syntax==

Constituent Order The basic constituent order in Mang clauses is subject-verb-object. In the following example from Southern Mashan, 'my mother' is the subject, 'boil' is the verb, and 'egg' is the object: {{interlinear|lang=hma|indent=3 In sentences with a single argument, this single argument most often appears before the verb: {{interlinear|lang=hma|indent=3 Mang has an existential construction using the verb 'have', where the subject is introduced after the verb: {{interlinear|lang=hma|indent=3 Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases usually appear between the subject and the verb. In the following example, the preposition 'with' appears: {{interlinear|lang=hma|indent=3 Another example with 'at': {{interlinear|lang=hma|indent=3 Topicalization Topicalization is achieved by placing content on the left side of the main clause, separated from the clause by a pause or by the particle : {{interlinear|lang=hmm|indent=3 Aspect Aspect in Mang is expressed through markers separate from the verb, and include perfective/inchoative , progressive , experiential , and completive . Negation Negation takes the form of a negative marker preceding the verb, in Southern Mashan and in Central: {{interlinear|lang=hma|abbreviations=DIR:directional|indent=3 Mang also has a "non-completion" negative marker akin to Mandarin Chinese méiyǒu with the same syntax. It takes the form in Southern Mashan and in Central. An example from the Central variety: {{interlinear|lang=hmm|indent=3 ==Notes==