Early years According to holograph notes by Pierre Munroe Irving, Washington Irving's nephew and literary assistant, the family's lineage goes back to
Clan Irvine of
Drum Castle in Scotland. The notes include a traditional family story regarding the
coat of arms, which features three
holly leaves; it was reportedly granted by
Robert the Bruce to his armor-bearer, William de Irwyn, as a mark of loyalty. Washington Irving was proud of his
Scottish heritage and used the holly leaf imagery as a personal emblem. Washington Irving's parents were William Irving Sr., originally of
Quholm,
Shapinsay,
Orkney, Scotland, and Sarah (née Saunders), originally of
Falmouth, Cornwall, England. They married in 1761 while William was serving as a petty officer in the
Royal Navy. They had eleven children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. Their first two sons died in infancy, both named William, as did their fourth child John. Their surviving children were
William Jr. (1766), Ann (1770),
Peter (1771), Catherine (1774), Ebenezer (1776), John Treat (1778), Sarah (1780), and Washington. Jr. The Irving family settled in Manhattan, and were part of the city's merchant class. Washington was born on April 3, 1783, Irving met his namesake at age 6 when George Washington came to New York just before his inauguration as president in 1789. an encounter that Irving had commemorated in a small watercolor painting which continues to hang in his home. The Irvings lived at 131 William Street at the time of Washington's birth, but they later moved across the street to 128 William Street. Several of Irving's brothers became active New York merchants; they encouraged his literary aspirations, often supporting him financially as he pursued his writing career. Irving was an uninterested student who preferred adventure stories and drama, and he regularly sneaked out of class in the evenings to attend the theater by the time he was 14. An outbreak of
yellow fever in Manhattan in 1798 prompted his family to send him upriver, where he stayed with his friend
James Kirke Paulding in
Tarrytown, New York. Though the village of Sleepy Hollow did not exist in Irving's time (North Tarrytown would change its name to Sleepy Hollow in 1996), the area which Irving would make famous in "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" had been known as Slapershaven or "Sleeper's Haven" by the Dutch settlers. Irving made several other trips up the Hudson as a teenager, including an extended visit to
Johnstown, New York, where he passed through the
Catskill Mountains region, the setting for "
Rip Van Winkle". "Of all the scenery of the Hudson", Irving wrote, "the Kaatskill Mountains had the most witching effect on my boyish imagination". Irving began writing letters to the New York
Morning Chronicle (a newspaper edited by his brother
Peter) in 1802 when he was 19, submitting commentaries on the city's social and theater scene under the pseudonym
Jonathan Oldstyle. The name evoked his
Federalist leanings and was the first of many pseudonyms he employed throughout his career. The letters brought Irving some early fame and moderate notoriety.
Aaron Burr was the founder of the
Chronicle Concerned for his health, Irving's brothers financed an extended tour of Europe from 1804 to 1806. He bypassed most of the sites and locations considered essential for the social development of a young man, to the dismay of his brother William who wrote that he was pleased that his brother's health was improving, but he did not like the choice to "
gallop through Italy ... leaving Florence on your left and Venice on your right". Instead, Irving honed the social and conversational skills that eventually made him one of the world's most in-demand guests. "I endeavor to take things as they come with cheerfulness", Irving wrote, "and when I cannot get a dinner to suit my taste, I endeavor to get a taste to suit my dinner". While visiting Rome in 1805, Irving struck up a friendship with painter
Washington Allston First major writings Irving returned from Europe to study law with his legal mentor Judge
Josiah Ogden Hoffman in New York City. By his own admission, he was not a good student and barely passed the bar examination in 1806. He began socializing with a group of literate young men whom he dubbed "The Lads of Kilkenny", and he created the literary magazine
Salmagundi in January 1807 with his brother William and his friend James Kirke Paulding, writing under various pseudonyms, such as William Wizard and Launcelot Langstaff. Irving lampooned New York culture and politics in a manner similar to the 20th century
Mad magazine.
Salmagundi was a moderate success, spreading Irving's name and reputation beyond New York. He gave New York City the nickname "Gotham" in its 17th issue dated November 11, 1807, an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "Goat's Town". '', a wash drawing by
Felix O. C. Darley Irving completed
A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809) while mourning the death of his 17-year-old fiancée Matilda Hoffman. Unsuspecting readers followed the story of Knickerbocker and his manuscript with interest, and some New York city officials were concerned enough about the missing historian to offer a reward for his safe return. Irving then published
A History of New York on December 6, 1809, under the Knickerbocker pseudonym, with immediate critical and popular success. "It took with the public", Irving remarked, "and gave me celebrity, as an original work was something remarkable and uncommon in America". The name Knickerbocker became a nickname for Manhattan residents in general After the success of
A History of New York, Irving searched for a job and eventually became an editor of
Analectic Magazine, where he wrote biographies of naval heroes such as
James Lawrence and
Oliver Hazard Perry. He was also among the first magazine editors to reprint
Francis Scott Key's poem "Defense of
Fort McHenry", which was immortalized as "
The Star-Spangled Banner". Irving initially opposed the
War of 1812 like many other merchants, but the British
burning of Washington in 1814 convinced him to enlist. He served on the staff of
Daniel D. Tompkins, governor of New York and commander of the New York State Militia, but he saw no real action apart from a reconnaissance mission in the Great Lakes region. The war was disastrous for many American merchants, including Irving's family, and he left for England in mid-1815 to salvage the family trading company. He remained in Europe for the next 17 years.
Life in Europe The Sketch Book Irving spent the next two years trying to bail out the family firm financially but eventually had to declare bankruptcy. With no job prospects, he continued writing throughout 1817 and 1818. In the summer of 1817, he visited
Walter Scott, beginning a lifelong personal and professional friendship. Irving composed the short story "Rip Van Winkle" overnight while staying with his sister Sarah and her husband,
Henry van Wart, in
Birmingham, England, a place that inspired other works as well. In October 1818, Irving's brother William secured for Irving a post as chief clerk to the United States Navy and urged him to return home. Irving turned the offer down, opting to stay in England to pursue a writing career. In the spring of 1819, Irving sent to his brother Ebenezer in New York a set of short prose pieces that he asked be published as
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. The first installment, containing "Rip Van Winkle", was an enormous success, and the rest of the work was equally successful; it was issued in 1819–1820 in seven installments in New York and in two volumes in London ("The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" appeared in the sixth issue of the New York edition and the second volume of the London edition). Like many successful authors of this era, Irving struggled against literary bootleggers. In England, some of his sketches were reprinted in periodicals without his permission, a legal practice as there was no international copyright law at the time. To prevent further such reprints in Britain, Irving paid to have the first four American installments published as a single volume by John Miller in London. Irving appealed to Walter Scott for help procuring a more reputable publisher for the remainder of the book. Scott referred Irving to his own publisher, London powerhouse
John Murray, who agreed to take on
The Sketch Book. From then on, Irving would publish concurrently in the United States and Britain to protect his copyright, with Murray as his English publisher of choice. Irving's reputation soared, and for the next two years, he led an active social life in Paris and Great Britain, where he was often feted as an anomaly of literature: an upstart American who dared to write English well.
Bracebridge Hall and Tales of a Traveller With both Irving and publisher John Murray eager to follow up on the success of
The Sketch Book, Irving spent much of 1821 traveling in Europe in search of new material, reading widely in Dutch and German folk tales. Hampered by writer's block—and depressed by the death of his brother William—Irving worked slowly, finally delivering a completed manuscript to Murray in March 1822. The book,
Bracebridge Hall, or The Humorists, A Medley (the location was based loosely on
Aston Hall, occupied by members of the Bracebridge family, near his sister's home in Birmingham) was published in June 1822. The format of
Bracebridge was similar to that of
The Sketch Book, with Irving, as Crayon, narrating a series of more than 50 loosely connected short stories and essays. While some reviewers thought
Bracebridge to be a lesser imitation of
The Sketch Book, the book was well received by readers and critics. "We have received so much pleasure from this book", wrote critic Francis Jeffrey in the
Edinburgh Review, "that we think ourselves bound in gratitude ... to make a public acknowledgement of it". Irving was relieved at its reception, which did much to cement his reputation with European readers. Still struggling with writer's block, Irving traveled to Germany, settling in
Dresden in the winter of 1822. Here he dazzled the royal family and attached himself to Amelia Foster, an American living in Dresden with her five children. The 39-year-old Irving was particularly attracted to Foster's 18-year-old daughter Emily and vied in frustration for her hand. Emily finally refused his offer of marriage in the spring of 1823. He returned to Paris and began collaborating with playwright
John Howard Payne on translations of French plays for the English stage, with little success. He also learned through Payne that the novelist
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was romantically interested in him, though Irving never pursued the relationship. In August 1824, Irving published the collection of essays
Tales of a Traveller—including the short story "
The Devil and Tom Walker"—under his Geoffrey Crayon persona. "I think there are in it some of the best things I have ever written", Irving told his sister. But while the book sold respectably,
Traveller was dismissed by critics, who panned both
Traveller and its author. "The public have been led to expect better things", wrote the
United States Literary Gazette, while the
New-York Mirror pronounced Irving "overrated". Hurt and depressed by the book's reception, Irving retreated to Paris where he spent the next year worrying about finances and scribbling down ideas for projects that never materialized.
Spanish books While in Paris, Irving received a letter from
Alexander Hill Everett on January 30, 1826. Everett, recently the American Minister to Spain, urged Irving to join him in Madrid, noting that a number of manuscripts dealing with the Spanish conquest of the Americas had recently been made public. Irving left for Madrid and enthusiastically began scouring the Spanish archives for colorful material. palace in
Granada, southern Spain, where Irving briefly resided in 1829, inspired one of his most colorful books.With full access to the American consul's massive library of Spanish history, Irving began working on several books at once. The first offspring of this hard work,
A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, was published in January 1828. The book was popular in the United States and in Europe and would have 175 editions published before the end of the century. It was also the first project of Irving's to be published with his own name, instead of a pseudonym, on the title page. Irving was invited to stay at the palace of the
Duke of Gor, who gave him unfettered access to his library containing many medieval manuscripts.
A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada was published a year later, followed by
Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus in 1831. Irving's writings on Columbus are a mixture of history and fiction, a genre now called romantic history. Irving based them on extensive research in the Spanish archives, but also added imaginative elements aimed at sharpening the story. The first of these works is the source of the durable myth that medieval Europeans
believed the Earth was flat. According to the popular book, Columbus proved the Earth was round. In 1829, Irving was elected to the
American Philosophical Society. That same year, he moved into Granada's ancient palace Alhambra, "determined to linger here", he said, "until I get some writings under way connected with the place". Before he could get any significant writing underway, however, he was notified of his appointment as Secretary to the American Legation in London. Worried he would disappoint friends and family if he refused the position, Irving left Spain for England in July 1829.
Secretary to the American legation in London Arriving in London, Irving joined the staff of the American ambassador to Britain,
Louis McLane. McLane immediately assigned the daily secretary work to another man and tapped Irving to be his personal assistant. The two worked over the next year to negotiate a trade agreement between the United States and the
British West Indies, finally reaching a deal in August 1830. That same year, Irving was awarded a medal by the Royal Society of Literature, followed by an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford in 1831. Following McLane's recall to the United States in 1831 to serve as Secretary of Treasury, Irving stayed on as the legation's chargé d'affaires until the arrival of
Martin Van Buren, President
Andrew Jackson's nominee for ambassador to Britain. With Van Buren in place, Irving resigned his post to concentrate on writing, eventually completing
Tales of the Alhambra, which would be published concurrently in the United States and England in 1832. Irving was still in London when Van Buren received word that the United States Senate had refused to confirm him as the new Minister. Consoling Van Buren, Irving predicted that the Senate's partisan move would backfire. "I should not be surprised", Irving said, "if this vote of the Senate goes far toward elevating him to the presidential chair".
Return to the United States Irving arrived in New York on May 21, 1832, after 17 years abroad. That September, he accompanied Commissioner on Indian Affairs
Henry Leavitt Ellsworth on a surveying mission, along with companions
Charles La Trobe and Count Albert-Alexandre de Pourtales, and they traveled deep into
Indian Territory (now the state of Oklahoma). At the completion of his western tour, Irving traveled through Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, where he became acquainted with politician and novelist
John Pendleton Kennedy. Irving was frustrated by bad investments, so he turned to writing to generate additional income, beginning with
A Tour on the Prairies which related his recent travels on the frontier. The book was another popular success and also the first book written and published by Irving in the United States since
A History of New York in 1809. In 1834, he was approached by fur magnate
John Jacob Astor, who convinced him to write a history of his fur trading colony in
Astoria, Oregon. Irving made quick work of Astor's project, shipping the fawning biographical account
Astoria in February 1836. In 1835, Irving, Astor, and a few others founded the
Saint Nicholas Society in the City of New York. During an extended stay at Astor's home, Irving met explorer
Benjamin Bonneville and was intrigued with his maps and stories of the territories beyond the
Rocky Mountains. The two men met in Washington, D.C., several months later, and Bonneville sold his maps and rough notes to Irving for $1,000. Irving used these materials as the basis for his 1837 book
The Adventures of Captain Bonneville. These three works made up Irving's "western" series of books and were written partly as a response to criticism that his time in England and Spain had made him more European than American. Critics such as James Fenimore Cooper and
Philip Freneau felt that he had turned his back on his American heritage in favor of English aristocracy. Irving's western books were well received in the United States, particularly
A Tour on the Prairies, though British critics accused him of "book-making". In 1835, Irving purchased It required constant repair and renovation over the next 20 years, with costs continually escalating, so he reluctantly agreed to become a regular contributor to
The Knickerbocker magazine in 1839, writing new essays and short stories under the Knickerbocker and Crayon pseudonyms. He was regularly approached by aspiring young authors for advice or endorsement, including Edgar Allan Poe, who sought Irving's comments on "
William Wilson" and "
The Fall of the House of Usher". In 1837, a lady of
Charleston, South Carolina brought to the attention of
William Clancy, newly appointed bishop to
Demerara, a passage in
The Crayon Miscellany, and questioned whether it accurately reflected Catholic teaching or practice. The passage under "Newstead Abbey" read:One of the parchment scrolls thus discovered, throws rather an awkward light upon the kind of life led by the friars of Newstead. It is an indulgence granted to them for a certain number of months, in which a plenary pardon is assured in advance for all kinds of crimes, among which, several of the most gross and sensual are specifically mentioned, and the weaknesses of the flesh to which they were prone. Clancy wrote to Irving, who "promptly aided the investigation into the truth, and promised to correct in future editions the misrepresentation complained of". Clancy traveled to his new posting by way of England, and bearing a letter of introduction from Irving, stopped at
Newstead Abbey and was able to view the document to which Irving had alluded. Upon inspection, Clancy discovered that it was, in fact, not an indulgence issued to the friars from any ecclesiastical authority, but a pardon given by the king to some parties suspected of having broken "forest laws". Clancy requested the local pastor to forward his findings to Catholic periodicals in England, and upon publication, send a copy to Irving. Whether this was done is not clear as the disputed text remains in the 1849 edition. Irving also championed America's maturing literature, advocating stronger
copyright laws to protect writers from the kind of piracy that had initially plagued
The Sketch Book. Writing in the January 1840 issue of
Knickerbocker, he openly endorsed copyright legislation pending in Congress. "We have a young literature", he wrote, "springing up and daily unfolding itself with wonderful energy and luxuriance, which ... deserves all its fostering care". The legislation, however, did not pass at that time. In 1841, Irving was elected to the
National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician. He also began a friendly correspondence with Charles Dickens and hosted Dickens and his wife at Sunnyside during Dickens's American tour in 1842.
Minister to Spain President
John Tyler appointed Irving as Minister to Spain in February 1842, after an endorsement from Secretary of State
Daniel Webster. Irving wrote, "It will be a severe trial to absent myself for a time from my dear little Sunnyside, but I shall return to it better enabled to carry it on comfortably". He hoped that his position as Minister would allow him plenty of time to write, but Spain was in a state of political upheaval during most of his tenure, with a number of warring factions vying for control of the 12-year-old
Queen Isabella II. Irving maintained good relations with the various generals and politicians, as control of Spain rotated through
Espartero, Bravo, then
Narváez. Espartero was then locked in a power struggle with the Spanish Cortes. Irving's official reports on the ensuing civil war and revolution expressed his romantic fascination with the regent as young Queen Isabella's knight protector. He wrote with an anti-republican, undiplomatic bias. Though Espartero, ousted in July 1843, remained a fallen hero in his eyes, Irving began to view Spanish affairs more realistically. However, the politics and warfare were exhausting, and Irving was both homesick and suffering from a crippling skin condition. With the political situation relatively settled in Spain, Irving continued to closely monitor the development of the new government and the fate of Isabella. His official duties as Spanish Minister also involved negotiating American trade interests with Cuba and following the Spanish parliament's debates over the slave trade. He was also pressed into service by Louis McLane, the American Minister to the
Court of St. James's in London, to assist in negotiating the
Anglo-American disagreement over the Oregon border that newly elected president
James K. Polk had vowed to resolve.
Final years Irving returned from Spain in September 1846, took up residence at Sunnyside, and began work on an "Author's Revised Edition" of his works for publisher
George Palmer Putnam. For its publication, Irving had made a deal which guaranteed him 12 percent of the retail price of all copies sold, an agreement that was unprecedented at that time. As he revised his older works for Putnam, he continued to write regularly, publishing biographies of
Oliver Goldsmith in 1849 and Islamic prophet
Muhammad in 1850. In 1855, he produced ''Wolfert's Roost
, a collection of stories and essays that he had written for The Knickerbocker'' and other publications, and he began publishing a biography of his namesake
George Washington which he expected to be his masterpiece. Five volumes of the biography were published between 1855 and 1859. Irving traveled regularly to
Mount Vernon and Washington, D.C., for his research, and struck up friendships with Presidents
Millard Fillmore and
Franklin Pierce. He was hired as an executor of John Jacob Astor's estate in 1848 and appointed by Astor's will as first chairman of the
Astor Library, a forerunner to the
New York Public Library. Irving continued to socialize and keep up with his correspondence well into his seventies, and his fame and popularity continued to soar. "I don't believe that any man, in any country, has ever had a more affectionate admiration for him than that given to you in America", wrote Senator
William C. Preston in a letter to Irving. "I believe that we have had but one man who is so much in the popular heart". By 1859, author
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. noted that Sunnyside had become "next to Mount Vernon, the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land". He was buried under a simple gravestone in
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (then called Tarrytown Cemetery) on December 1, 1859. In 1865, the cemetery board of trustees would posthumously honor Irving's request that its name be changed to Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. Irving's funeral on December 1, 1859, was a massive national event. The crowd at
Christ Episcopal Church in Tarrytown was so large that it was feared the floors would collapse and the church would have to be rebuilt. Thousands of people lined the streets to watch the procession. Across the nation, flags were held at half-mast at the news of his passing. Despite his immense fame, Irving chose a remarkably simple headstone with no epitaph, engraved only with his name and dates, located in the family plot. Irving and his grave were commemorated by
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his 1876 poem "In the Churchyard at Tarrytown", which concludes with: ==Legacy==