In construction, a building or structure is waterproofed with the use of membranes and coatings to protect contents and structural integrity. The waterproofing of the
building envelope in construction specifications is listed under
07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection within
MasterFormat 2004, by the
Construction Specifications Institute, and includes roofing and waterproofing materials. In building
construction, waterproofing is a fundamental aspect of creating a
building envelope, which is a controlled environment. The roof covering materials,
siding, foundations, and all of the various penetrations through these surfaces must be
water-resistant and sometimes waterproof. Roofing materials are generally designed to be water-resistant and shed water from a sloping roof, but in some conditions, such as
ice damming and on
flat roofs, the roofing must be waterproof. Many types of waterproof membrane systems are available, including
felt paper or
tar paper with
asphalt or
tar to make a built-up roof, other
bituminous waterproofing, ethylene propylene diene monomer
EPDM rubber,
hypalon,
polyvinyl chloride,
liquid roofing, and more. Walls are not subjected to standing water, and the water-resistant membranes used as
housewraps are designed to be porous enough to let moisture escape. Walls also have
vapor barriers or
air barriers.
Damp proofing is another aspect of waterproofing. Masonry walls are built with a damp-proof course to prevent
rising damp, and the concrete in foundations needs to be damp-proofed or waterproofed with a liquid coating,
basement waterproofing membrane (even under the concrete slab floor where
polyethylene sheeting is commonly used), or an additive to the concrete. Within the waterproofing industry, below-ground waterproofing is generally divided into two areas: • Tanking: This is waterproofing used where the below-ground structure will be sitting in the water table continuously or periodically. This causes hydrostatic pressure on both the membrane and structure and requires full encapsulation of the basement structure in a
tanking membrane, under the slab and walls. •
Damp proofing: This is waterproofing used where the water table is lower than the structure and there is good free-draining fill. The membrane deals with the shedding of water and the ingress of water vapor only, with no hydrostatic pressure. Generally, this incorporates a
damp proof membrane (DPM) to the walls with a polythene DPM under the slab. With higher grade DPM, some protection from short-term Hydrostatic pressure can be gained by transitioning the higher quality wall DPM to the slab polythene under the footing rather than at the footing face. In buildings using
earth sheltering, too much humidity can be a potential problem, so waterproofing is critical. Water seepage can lead to
mold growth, causing significant damage and air quality issues. Properly waterproofing foundation walls is required to prevent deterioration and seepage. Another specialized area of waterproofing is rooftop decks and balconies. Waterproofing systems have become quite sophisticated and are a very specialized area. Failed waterproof decks, whether made of polymer or tile, are one of the leading causes of water damage to building structures and personal injury when they fail. Major problems occur in the construction industry when improper products are used for the wrong application. While the term
waterproof is used for many products, each of them has a very specific area of application, and when manufacturer specifications and installation procedures are not followed, the consequences can be severe. Another factor is the impact of expansion and contraction on waterproofing systems for decks. Decks constantly move with changes in temperatures, putting stress on the waterproofing systems. One of the leading causes of waterproof deck system failures is the movement of underlying substrates (plywood) that causes too much stress on the membranes, failing the system. While beyond the scope of this reference document, waterproofing of decks and balconies is a complex of many complimentary elements. These include the waterproofing membrane used, adequate slope-drainage, proper flashing details, and proper construction materials. The penetrations through a building envelope must be built in a way such that water does not enter the building, such as using
flashing and special fittings for pipes, vents, wires, etc. Some
caulkings are durable, but many are unreliable for waterproofing. Also, many types of
geomembranes are available to control water, gases, or pollution. From the late 1990s to the 2010s, the construction industry has had technological advances in waterproofing materials, including
integral waterproofing systems and more advanced membrane materials. Integral systems such as
hycrete work within the matrix of a concrete structure, giving the concrete itself a waterproof quality. There are two main types of integral waterproofing systems: the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic systems. A hydrophilic system typically uses a crystallization technology that replaces the water in the concrete with insoluble crystals. Various brands available in the market claim similar properties, but not all can react with a wide range of cement hydration by-products and thus require caution. Hydrophobic systems use
concrete sealers or even
fatty acids to block pores within the concrete, preventing water passage. Sometimes, the same materials used to keep water out of buildings are used to keep water in, such as a pool or
pond liners. New membrane materials seek to overcome shortcomings in older methods like
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and
high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Generally, new technology in waterproof membranes relies on
polymer-based materials that are very adhesive to create a seamless barrier around the outside of a structure. Waterproofing should not be confused with
roofing, since roofing cannot necessarily withstand
hydrostatic head while waterproofing can. The standards for waterproofing bathrooms in domestic construction have improved over the years, due in large part to the general tightening of building codes. ==In clothing==