West Chadic languages

The branches of West Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format. • West Chadic • Hausa–Gwandara (A.1): Hausa, Gwandara • Bole–Angas (?) • Bole–Tangale (A.2) • North (Bole proper): Bure, Karekare, Bole, Gera, Geruma, Deno, Galambu, Giiwo, Kubi, Ngamo, Maaka (Maagha), Ɓeele, Daza (Dazawa), ?Pali • South (Tangale): Kwaami, Pero, Piya-Kwonci, Kholok, Nyam, Kushi (Goji), Kutto (Kupto), Tangale, Dera (Kanakuru) • Angas (Central West Chadic) (A.3) • Ngasic: Ngas (Angas), Belnəng • Mwaghavulic: Mwaghavul, Mupun (Mapun), Takas (Toos); Cakfem-Mushere • Miship (Chip) • Pan cluster • Chakato/Jorto • Jipal, Mernyang (Mirriam), Kwagallak, Kofyar (Doemak), Bwol, Goram, Jibyal • Nteng • Tel (Tɛɛl, Montol) • Talic: Tal, Pyapun, Koenoem • Goemaic: Goemai • Yiwom (Ywom, Gerka) Fyer, Tambas, Ron (Bokkos, Daffo-Butura, Mangar, Monguna), Shagawu, Duhwa (Karfa), Kulere (Tof, Richa, Kamwai-Marhai), Mundat, Sha • Bade–Warji (?) • Bade (B.1): Duwai; Bade, Shira (†), Ngizim, Teshenawa (†), Auyokawa (†) • Warji (North Bauchi) (B.2): Pa'a; Warji, Diri, Ciwogai, Kariya (Vinahə), Mburku, Miya, Siri, Zumbun (Jimbin), Ajawa (†) • Barawa (South Bauchi) (B.3) • Zaar: Dass; Geji, Polci (Polchi), Saya, Zari, Zeem • Guruntum: Guruntum-Mbaaru, Ju, Tala, Zangwal • Boghom: Jimi, Jum; Boghom, Kir-Balar, Mangas In addition, Poki is purportedly West Chadic, but no data is available. ==Internal structure==

George Starostin's (2010) internal classification of West Chadic as presented in Blažek (2010): • West Chadic • Hausa–Gwandara • Core West Chadic • Ron • Bole–Tangale • Bade–Ngizim • North Bauchi • South Bauchi, A3 (Central-West) ==Distribution==

Distributions of West Chadic branches: ==History of dispersal==

Roger Blench (2022) suggests that West Chadic languages may have spread via a gradual agricultural dispersal in Central Nigeria, starting from 3,000–4,000 years ago. Blench notes that West Chadic morphology has been heavily influenced by Plateau languages, likely as a result of long-term intermarriage that occurred as West Chadic incomers took local wives who spoke Plateau languages. ==Reconstruction==

Although no full reconstruction of West Chadic has been published, reconstructions of numerals for West Chadic and its subgroups have been proposed by Václav Blažek (2018). ==Phonology==

The labial–velar consonants /kp/ and /gb/, widespread in Plateau and other Niger-Congo languages but uncommon in Chadic languages, can be found in Ron languages and in certain West Chadic A3 and Bole-Tangale languages. These consonants were borrowed from Plateau languages due to intensive long-term contact. However, other phonological features typical of Plateau and Niger-Congo languages such as ATR and vowel harmony are not found in West Chadic languages. ==Numerals==

Comparison of numerals in individual languages: ==References==