Overview Mary Haviland Hallock was born November 9, 1847, in
Milton, New York, of English
Quaker ancestry. A singular girl and youth, she attended the Female Collegiate Seminary in Poughkeepsie, New York, then studied art in New York City at the new
Cooper Institute School of Design for Women. By her early twenties she had become established in New York City as an accomplished artist-illustrator for notable publishers there. In 1876 Hallock married a young
mining engineer,
Arthur De Wint Foote, then moved cross-continent to live with him at the
New Almaden mine near San Jose, California. Subsequently, as Arthur pursued his engineering career, she followed him throughout the West: to
Leadville, Colorado; to
Deadwood, South Dakota; then to
Boise, Idaho, where Arthur originated a major irrigation project on the Boise River; then to
Morelia,
Michoacán, Mexico; and finally to
Grass Valley, California, where Arthur advanced to managing the
North Star mine, and retired there. Arthur and Mary Foote were married nearly sixty years. In the early years of their marriage she gave birth to three children: a son, Arthur Burling Foote, and two daughters, Betty and Agnes.
Career As a student Mary Hallock Foote befriended American artist
Helena de Kay Gilder. The two maintained a very close friendship throughout their lives, shared a lengthy correspondence via letter, and used each other for critiquing their work. Mary Hallock Foote also benefitted from Gilder's husband
Richard Watson Gilder, who commissioned her art while he was an editor for
Scribner's Monthly. It was through the Gilders that Mary Hallock Foote was also introduced to a circle of fellow artists including, Mary L. Stone,
Mary Birney,
Maria Oakey, and several popular writers. After departing her beloved East with great reluctance, Mary Hallock Foote found herself inspired by the
"real West" country and the varying peoples she encountered there. She soon was drawing it, and writing and telling about it. Recording her travels, Foote wrote stories for 'back-East' readers as a correspondent to
The Century Magazine and other periodicals, illustrating them with wood engravings made from her drawings. She wrote several novels and is best known for her stories of place, in which she portrayed the rough, picturesque life she experienced and observed in the
old West, especially that in the early mining towns. She was one of America's best-known women illustrators in the 1870s and 1880s. She illustrated stories and novels by other authors including
Nathaniel Hawthorne,
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
Louisa May Alcott,
Bret Harte, and others. Foote
exhibited her work at
The Woman's Building at the 1893
World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Mary Foote gained renown as a welcoming and sophisticated hostess to dignitaries and celebrities traveling through the environs of her (successive) homesteads in the West. After 1905, when she and her husband built
North Star House (also known as Foote Mansion) and made permanent settlement in Grass Valley, California, she presided for some 30 years over many historic social and civic events there. After her death, Foote fell into obscurity. Thirty-four years after her death, historian
Rodman Paul's 1972 edition of Foote's unpublished memoir,
A Victorian Gentlewoman in the Far West, helped to spur renewed interest in her life and work. However, her letters—which provide what amounts to a biography of her husband as well as her own autobiography—have never been published except as brief excerpts in various areas of research.
Death and legacy Mary Hallock Foote died June 25, 1938, at age 90. Her legacy in American history is as a stalwart of the American Old West and a teller of its stories. Her work—the numerous stories for books and periodicals, with her drawings and woodcut illustrations; the correspondence from western outposts; her novels and nonfiction—gained her notice as a skilled observer of the frontier and an accomplished writer. Her life expressed the civilizing influence of the educated eastern gentlewoman on life in the chaotic mining and "ditch" camps (irrigation-project construction camps) of the early American West and, conversely, the stimulating effect of those "old West" environs on the prepared mind, that is, one educated for illustrating and telling the story.
Controversy Wallace Stegner's novel
Angle of Repose (
Pulitzer Prize, 1972) is based directly upon Mary Hallock Foote's extensive personal correspondence. Stegner used the outline of her life ostensibly with permission from members of Foote's family—on proviso that he disguise the source, which, in his judgment, he did. After publication, however, some descendants objected to "the great liberties" taken by Stegner in using Foote's story. ==Selected works==