Whiplash (decorative art)

Twisting and curving line forms have a long history in art and design. Whiplash curves have similarities with the arabesque design, used particularly in Islamic art, such as the ceramic tiles of the mosque of Samarkand in Central Asia. Curvilinear design is a noticeable element of Gothic architecture, in, for example, church window tracery. Swirling lines featured prominently in the lavish decoration of the rocaille or rococo style in the early 18th century. Whiplash curves were a more naturalistic, less constrained expression of such recurrent trends. Where the whiplash line was less formalised than its forbears was in its asymmetry and anchoring. They appear in the Japanese prints of Katsushika Hokusai, which became popular in France just as the Art Nouveau movement was beginning; these particularly inspired the paintings of flowers by Vincent van Gogh, such as The Irises (1890). The use of sinuous curves on the title page of the 1883 publication ''Wren's City Churches'' by architect and designer Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo, led Nikolaus Pevsner to identify it as "the first work of Art Nouveau which can be traced". Mackmurdo repeated the curving-line motifs in a chair of innovative design made at about this time. The serpentine lines of the chair's fretwork back is recognised as a precursor of Art Nouveau. According to Debora L. Silverman, the origins of the whiplash line can be traced back to the esthetic motifs of Belgian colonialism : the rubber vine on the one hand, and the lash of literal whips (chicottes) on the other. File:Limoges curvilinear tracery.JPG|Curvilinear window, Limoges Cathedral nave File:Turquoise epigraphic ornament MBA Lyon A1969-333.jpg|Arabesque pattern on a tile from Samarkand (15th century) File:Juste-Aurèle Meissonnier - Table de Cabinet., 6th Plate (Study for a Table), pl. 47 in Oeuvre de Juste-Aurele Meissonnier - Google Art Project (down table cropped).jpg|Rocaille or rococo table design by Juste-Aurèle Meissonnier (1730) File:Hokusai, viaggio tra le cascate di cento province, cascate kirifuri sul monte kurokami in prov. di shimotsuke, 1833.JPG|Waterfall of Kirifuri by Katsushika Hokusai (1830–1834) File:VanGogh-Irises 2.jpg|Irises by Vincent van Gogh (1890) File:Morris wallpaper Seaweed J H Dearle.gif|"Seaweed" wallpaper design by William Morris and J. H. Dearle (1890) File:MackmurdoWren1883.gif|Title page of ''Wren's City Churches'' by Arthur H. Mackmurdo (1883) File:Title Page by Aubrey Beardsley.png|Decoration for a title page by Aubrey Beardsley (1890) File:T-49-63 3 Obrist-H-Peitschenhieb-A4-ONLINE.jpg|Another view of Obrist's "Cyclamen" ("Whiplash"; 1895) ==Architecture==

The Belgian architect Victor Horta was among the first to introduce the whiplash curve into Art Nouveau architecture, particularly in the wrought iron stairways and complementary ceramic floors and painted walls of the Hôtel Tassel in Brussels (1892–93). The lines were inspired by the curving stems of plants and flowers. The French architect Hector Guimard also adapted the curving lines, particularly in the gateway, stairway, and interior decoration of the Castel Béranger in Paris (1894–1898), and in the edicules over the entrances of the Paris Métro that he designed for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900. Guimard also used the curving whiplash line on a large scale on the facade of the house he built for he ceramics manufacturer Coilliot in Lille (1898–1900). Another major figure using the whiplash form was the furniture designer Louis Majorelle, who incorporated the twisting whiplash line not only into his furniture, but also into cast iron staircase railings and stained-glass windows. The whiplash line in ceramics was also sometimes used for exterior decoration, for example under the peristyle in the courtyard of the Petit Palais in Paris, built for the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition. It also appears in the curving cast iron staircase and ceramic floors of the interior of the Petit Palais. The architect Jules Lavirotte covered the facade of several of houses in Paris, particularly the Lavirotte Building on Avenue Rapp, with curling ceramic whiplash designs made by the ceramics firm of Alexandre Bigot. File:Tassel House ground floor.JPG|Floor of the Hôtel Tassel in Brussels, with the characteristic whiplash design (1892–93) File:Castel Béranger, February 16, 2013.jpg|Entrance of Castel Béranger in Paris by Hector Guimard (1894–1898) File:Maison art nouveau d'Hector Guimard (Lille) (10555565905).jpg|Facade of the Maison Coilliot in Lille by Guimard (1898–1900) File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Maison Beukman (Roosenboom) - 02.jpg|Details of the Maison Beukman in Brussels by Albert Roosenboom (1900) File:Mosaïque galerie jardin intérieur Petit Palais Paris.jpg|Whiplash line on floor of the gallery of the Petit Palais of the 1900 Paris Exposition File:XDSC 7288-29-av-Rapp-paris-7.jpg|Entrance of the Lavirotte Building in Paris by Jules Lavirotte File:Atelier (Hofatelier) Elvira.jpg|Facade of Atelier Elivira in Munich, in Jugendstil, by August Endell (1896–97) ==Wrought iron and cast iron==

The use of wrought iron or cast iron in scrolling whiplash forms on doorways, balconies, and gratings became one of the prominent features of the Art Nouveau style. The architect Victor Horta, who had worked on the construction of iron and glass Royal Greenhouses of Laeken in Belgium, was one of the first to create Art Nouveau ironwork, followed quickly by Hector Guimard, whose iron edibles for the entrances of the Paris Métro became an emblem of the style. File:Le portail dentrée (La Hublotière) (6192265593).jpg|Gate of La Hublotière, country house of Hector Guimard (1896) File:Lescalier principal du Castel Béranger (Hector Guimard) (5478779855).jpg|Main stairway of the Castel Béranger by Guimard (1895–1898) File:Stairs @ Petit Palais @ Paris (34892352515).jpg|Art Nouveau stairway of the Petit Palais in Paris (1900) File:Paris 16 - Edicule Guimard Station Boissière -1.JPG|Paris Métro station entrance at Boissière by Guimard (1900) File:Paris Metro Medallion, 1900 (CH 51685099).jpg|Cast iron Paris Métro medallion by Guimard (1900) File:Bruxelles Maison Saint-Cyr Zaun.jpg|Entrance fence of the Saint-Cyr House in Brussels by Gustave Strauven (1901–1903) File:Villa Majorelle entry grill.JPG|Entrance grill of the Villa Majorelle in Nancy (1901–02) File:WLM14ES - Barcelona Finca Güell 58 02 de julio de 2011 - .jpg|Entrance gate of Güell Pavilions in Barcelona by Antoni Gaudí (1883–87) ==Graphic arts and painting==

by Alphonse Mucha (1896). The actress's hair is a profusion of whiplash lines.The whiplash line was especially popular in posters and the graphic arts. In the posters of Alphonse Mucha and Koloman Moser, it was frequently used to depict women's hair, which became a central motif of the posters. After 1900 the whiplash lines tended to be more styled and abstract. The line also appeared in decorative paintings, such as the series of wall paintings made by Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh of the Glasgow School. Her paintings, particularly the White Rose and Red Rose decorative panels (1903), were exhibited at gallery Vienna Secession, where they may have influenced the decorative paintings of Gustav Klimt at the Stoclet Palace made the following year. File:J'ai baisé ta bouche Iokanaan.jpg|Salome by Aubrey Beardsley (1893) File:Otto Eckmann - Blé.jpg|Design by Otto Eckmann based upon stems of wheat (1895) File:Henri Meunier - Thé Rajah - Google Art Project.jpg|Poster for tea by Henri Meunier, with the steam rising in a whiplash form (1897) File:Peter Behrens Der Kuss.jpg|The Kiss by Peter Behrens (1898) File:Kolo Moser - Mädchenkopf - 1899.jpeg|Illustration from Ver Sacrum by Koloman Moser (1900) File:Margaret MacDonald - White Rose And Red Rose.jpg|White Rose and Red Rose decorative panel, by Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh (1903) File:Preparatory design - Klimt - Stoclet Palace.jpg|Preparatory design of The Embrace by Gustav Klimt (1904) ==Furniture and ornament==

Art Nouveau was a comprehensive form of decoration, in which all the elements; furniture, lamps, ironwork, carpets, murals, and glassware, had to be in the same style, or the harmony was broken. Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, Henry van de Velde and other Art Nouveau architects designed chairs, tables, lamps, carpets, tapestries ceramics, and other furnishings with similar curling whiplash lines. The whiplash line was intended to show the clear break from the eclectic historical styles that had dominated furniture and decoration for most of the 19th century. Henry Van de Velde and Horta in particular integrated the whiplash lines into their furniture, both in the shapes of desks and tables, the legs, in the brassware handles, and in railings and lamps, as well as in the chairs. Right angles were nearly banished from the works. An important furniture workshop was created in the French city of Nancy by Louis Majorelle. Many designs with the whiplash line inspired by water lilies and other natural forms were created by Majorelle's designers. In Belgium the most notable designer using the motif was Gustave Serrurier-Bovy After 1900, the whiplash lines became simpler and more stylized. In the Glasgow School in Scotland, the motif was used in furniture by Charles Rennie Mackintosh and in highly stylized glass and paintings by his wife, Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh. File:Design for the Hôtel Solvay.jpg|Interior design for the Hôtel Solvay in Brussels by Victor Horta (1898–1900) File:Sketch of an ornament by Victor Horta.jpg|Sketch of an ornament by Horta (Horta Museum, Brussels) File:Hector Guimard, Buffet, 1899-1900, Bröhan-Museum, Foto Martin Adam.tif|Buffet by Hector Guimard (1899–1900) (Bröhan Museum, Berlin) File:Henry van de velde, scrittoio e poltroncina, belgio 1898-99.JPG|Desk, chair and lamps by Henry van de Velde (1898–99) (Musée d'Orsay, Paris) File:Ceiling light, designed by Henry van de Velde, made by Seifert K. M. & Co., Dresden-Lobtau, c. 1898, tin, copper, brass - Bröhan Museum, Berlin - DSC03978.JPG|Ceiling light by Van de Velde (1898) File:Gustave Serrurier-Bovy.jpg|Bed and mirror by Gustave Serrurier-Bovy (1898–99) (Musée d'Orsay) File:Fauteuil nénuphar.jpg|Water Lily chair by Louis Majorelle (1900) File:Majorelle Bed.jpg|Bed by Majorelle, with lines inspired by the water lily (Musée d'Orsay) File:Louis Majorelle - Wall Cabinet - Walters 6587.jpg|Wall cabinet by Majorelle (late 19th century) (Walters Art Museum, Baltimore) File:Meuble de Louis Majorelle (musée de lEcole de Nancy) (7933060048).jpg|Detail of Vitrine by Majorelle (c. 1910) File:Emile Gallé (Musée Bröhan, Berlin) (6325347920) (cropped).jpg|Table by Émile Gallé, c. 1900 (Bröhan Museum) File:Louis-desiré-eugène gaillard, credenza, 1900 ca.jpg|Credenza by Eugène Gaillard (c. 1900) (Art Institute of Chicago) File:Piano house for an art lover.jpg|Piano design by Charles Rennie Mackintosh in his House of an Art Lover ==Ceramics and glass==

Glass art was a medium in which Art Nouveau found new and varied ways of expression. Intense amount of experimentation went on to find new effects of transparency and opacity: in engraving with cameo, double layers, and acid engraving, a technique which permitted production in series. In ceramics and glass, the whiplash lines were mostly taken from floral and animal forms. After 1900, they kept the floral motifs but became simpler and more stylized. File:Émile Gallé - Coupe "Par une telle nuit".jpg|Par une telle nuit cup by Émile Gallé, France (1894) File:Vase MET ES5937.jpg|Vase design by Georges de Feure (1901) (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City) File:Louis comfort tiffany per tiffany glass & decorating co., vaso, vetro, 1893-96, 07.jpg|Glass vase by Louis Comfort Tiffany (c. 1893–1896) File:Otto eckmann e otto schulz per künigliche porzellan-manufaktur, vaso in porcellana e bronzo, berlino 1897-99 ca..JPG|Porcelain and bronze vase by Otto Eckmann (1897–1899) File:Georges de feure per gérard dufraissex and abbot, vaso, limoges 1903 ca.jpg|Design for a Limoges ceramic vase by Georges de Feure (1903) File:Vase coloquinte (musée des arts décoratifs) (4779955370).jpg|Glass vase by Daum studio, Nancy (c. 1910) File:Vitrail du hall dentrée (House for an art lover, Glasgow) (3809393032).jpg|Window for the House of an Art Lover, by Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh (1901) File:Immeuble art nouveau de Jules Lavirotte à Paris (5510654806).jpg|The ceramic Paris facades of architect Jules Lavirotte made lavish use of the whiplash lines ==Jewelry==

European jewelers were very quick to adapt the whiplash line to pendants and other ornaments. The Belgian designer Philippe Wolfers was one of the pioneers of the style. His drawings show how he carefully analysed the forms of flowers and plants and used them in his jewelry. His work often crossed the frontiers between sculpture and decorative art, inspired by the lines of forms ranging from dragonflies to bats to Grecian masks. He made not only jewelry, but also bronzes, lamps, vases, glassware, and other decorative objects, produced mostly for the Belgian glass factory of Val Saint Lambert. In Paris, the most prominent jewelry designers were René Lalique and Fouquet. Their designers made abundant use of the whiplash line to suggest natural forms, from waterfalls to iris flowers. Other artists, including Alphonse Mucha, contributed jewelry designs incorporating the whiplash line. File:D2017.023.019.050.jpg|Design drawing of flower stems by Philippe Wolfers (1896) File:Philippe Wolfers - Japanese lily ornament - 1898 - Collectie Koning Boudewijnstichting.jpg|Japanese lily ornament by Wolfers (1898) File:Philippe Wolfers, Plumes de Paon, KMKG-MRAH.jpg| Plumes de Paon ("Peacock Feathers"), belt buckle by Wolfers (1898) File:Tiffany and Company - Iris Corsage Ornament - Walters 57939 - Detail.jpg|Iris corsage ornament by Louis Comfort Tiffany (c. 1900) File:49 mucha documentsdecoratifs 1901.jpg|Jewelry designs for Fouquet jewellers by Alphonse Mucha (1901) File:Philippe Wolfers - Libelle (1902).jpg|Libelle ("Dragonfly"), pendant made of gold, opal, enamel, rubies, and diamonds by Wolfers (1902) File:René lalique, pettine in corno, oro, smalti e brillanti, 1902 ca.JPG|Comb of horn, gold, and diamonds by René Lalique (c. 1902) (Musée d'Orsay) ==Notes and citations==