Mandrel

In machining An example of one type of mandrel is a shaped bar of metal inserted in, or next to, an item to be machined or bent in a certain pattern, e.g. in drawing metal tubing. Exhaust pipes for automobiles are frequently bent using a mandrel during manufacture. The mandrel allows the exhaust pipes to be bent into smooth curves without undesirable creasing, kinking or collapse. Molten glass may also be so shaped. A chuck is used on a lathe to hold pieces of wood, metal or plastic to be machined as they are turned. In this way, rods can be threaded, furniture legs are turned to a desired shape, and irregularly-shaped objects can be given a round shape. Several types of mandrel are used with lathes. Original expanding mandrels have a slightly tapered wedge that will expand to hold the item. A third type of mandrel is that which is used to hold circular saw blades, buffing wheels (used for polishing), and sanding discs onto drills, circular saws, and similar power tools. A mandrel of this type generally consists of a cylinder, threaded on one end, with a washer brazed onto the threaded end and an accompanying screw and second washer used to clamp the circular saw blade, sanding media or other rotary tool onto the mandrel. While most mandrels are driven by direct connection to an electric motor or other engine, other mandrels may be driven by attachment to a bearing-supported, pulley-driven shaft. In jewellery A 'triblet' is a type of mandrel found in jewelry manufacturing In music A type of mandrel is also used in making reeds for double reed instruments such as the bassoon or oboe. == Uses ==

Mandrels are also used in industrial composite fabrication, such as in filament winding. During the manufacturing process, resin-impregnated filaments are wound around a mandrel to create a composite material structure or part. The structure is cured, and the mandrel is removed. One problem with this type of process is difficulty in removing the mandrel from the completed work. A mandrel with a changeable shape can be more easily extracted. When heated above a certain temperature, the mandrel becomes elastic and can be manipulated into the desired shape and then cooled to become rigid again in the new shape. It can then be used in the filament winding process. Once the composite part is cured, the mandrel can be reheated until elastic and easily removed from the cured part. These types of mandrels can be used repeatedly. A mandrel can also be made of a metal alloy that melts at low temperature. In this process, the composite is laid over the mandrel, heated to cure the material, and then the mandrel is removed by increasing the temperature to melt the mandrel, allowing it to drain. In the production of steel core used for flexible drives, the center wire upon which the subsequent layers are wound is referred to as a Mandrel. This "center wire" may itself be composed of either a single wire or layers, depending on the sizing of the finished product. A hole saw usually attaches to a mandrel, the latter being basically a drill bit with threads to secure the saw. ==History==

Mandrels are not recent inventions. Metal machining utilising the spinning process has been recorded as far back as ancient Egyptian times. In metal spinning, a wood or metal spinning mandrel is used, the form of which corresponds with the internal contour of the part to be produced. This method securely clamps the raw material and allows for accurate machining into the desired final form. Since the material is clamped internally, there is no interference to the operator from the lathe/mandrel assembly during production. The traversing mandrel was introduced around 1700, and instantiated the design of a lathe mandrel able to slide axially in its bearings under the control of the operator, so that components having short lengths of thread could be produced, such as screws. The traversing mandrel was primarily employed by watchmakers and ornamental turners during this era. Eventually the device was superseded by a mandrel-driven device called a leadscrew, which uses a train of gears that can be altered as required for the turning application. == References ==