Wildlife of the Maldives

The land-based biotopes of the Maldives are highly endangered. The little land available in the country is being swiftly developed. Formerly uninhabited islands were only occasionally visited, but now almost no untouched uninhabited islands remain. Many of the natural habitats of local species have been severely threatened or destroyed during the past decades of development. Coral reef habitats have also been damaged, as the pressure for land has brought about the creation of artificial islands. Some reefs have been filled with rubble with little regard for the changes in the currents on the reef shelf and how the new pattern would affect coral growth and its related life forms on the reef edges. ==Plants==

(Hernandia nymphaeifolia) is found in the Maldives The Maldives have a rich variety of plant life despite the lack of fertile soils. There are three plant communities. The first is the foreshore, which is closest to the ocean and mostly bare except for hardy creeping vines such as Ipomoea species. The next is the beach crest, which is slightly more protected from the tides. Scaevola taccada, Pemphis acidula, Tournefortia argentea, and Guettarda speciosa are very common and often dominant there. Finally, the inner island habitats are the most protected. Sometimes dense coconut plantations and moist soils allow the growth of understory trees, like Morinda citrifolia or Guettarda speciosa. On northern islands, Hibiscus tiliaceus or Premna serratifolia form pure stands. ; Flora gallery : Image:Maldives 01017.JPG|Pandanus tectorius File:Kewda(Pandanus odoratissimus).jpeg|Pandanus fascicularis File:Cordia subcordata, closeup.jpg|Cordia subcordata Image:Maldives 09656.jpg|Heliotropium foertherianum Image:Maldives 09825.JPG|Scaevola taccada Image:Maldives 09953.JPG|Coconut trees Image:Maldives 09645.JPG|Senna occidentalis Image:Maldives 09965.JPG|Calophyllum inophyllum Image:Pemphis acidula (7374295704).jpg|Pemphis acidula Image:Wollastonia biflora.jpg|Mirihi ==Vertebrates==

Fish (Plectorhinchus vittatus) (Mobula birostris) at Himandhoo Manta Point, Maldives There is a wide diversity of sea life in the Maldives, with corals and over 2,000 species of fish, ranging from colourful reef fish to the blacktip reef shark, moray eels, and a wide variety of rays: manta ray, stingray, and eagle ray. The Maldivian waters are also home to the whale shark. The waters around the Maldives are abundant in rare species of biological and commercial value, with tuna fisheries being one of the traditional commercial resources. In the few ponds and marshes there are freshwater fish, like milkfish (Chanos chanos) and smaller species. The tilapia or mouth-breeder was introduced by a UN agency in the 1970s. ; Sealife gallery : Image:Rhincodon typus.jpg|Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) Image:Maldives Surgeonfish, Acanthurus leucosternon.jpg|Powder-blue surgeonfish (Acanthurus leucosternon) Image:Maldives Butterflyfish, Chaetodon auriga.jpg|Threadfin butterflyfish (Chaetodon auriga) Image:Maldives_Bullseye_(Priacanthus_hamrur).jpg|Bullseye (Priacanthus hamrur) Image:Maldives Parrotfish (Scaridae).jpg|Parrotfish (Scaridae) Image:Maldive anemonefish.jpg|Clownfish (Amphiprioninae) Image:Maldives redtail butterflyfish, Chaetodon collare.jpg|Redtail butterflyfish (Chaetodon collare) Image:Aetobatus-ocellatus.jpg|Spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) Image:Ecsenius minutus..JPG|Maldives Blenny (Ecsenius minutus) Image:Helcogramma maldivensis Maldives.jpg|Threefin Blenny (Helcogramma maldivensis) Reptiles and amphibians (Calotes versicolor) Since the islands are very small, land-based reptiles are rare. There is a species of gecko, as well as one species of agamid lizard, the oriental garden lizard (Calotes versicolor), the white-spotted supple skink (Riopa albopunctata), the Indian wolf snake (Lycodon aulicus) and the brahminy blind snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus). In the sea there the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), that lay eggs on Maldivian beaches. Sea snakes such as the yellow-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis platurus) that live in the Indian Ocean are occasionally cast up on the shore after storms, where they are rendered helpless and unable to return to the sea. Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) have also been known to reach the islands and dwell in marshy areas. The southern burrowing frog (Sphaerotheca rolandae) is found in a few islands, while the Asian common toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) has a more widespread presence. Birds (Ardea cinerea) from the Maldives The location of this Indian Ocean archipelago means that its avifauna is mainly restricted to pelagic birds. Most of the species are Eurasian migratory birds, only a few being typically associated with the Indian sub-continent. Some, like the frigatebird are seasonal. There are also birds that dwell in marshes and island bush, like the grey heron and the moorhen. White terns are found occasionally on the southern islands due to their rich habitats. ; Birds : Image:Maldives 00246.JPG|Striated heron (Butorides striata) Image:Maldives 00027-crop.jpg|Common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) Mammals There are very few land mammals in the Maldives. Only two species of flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus and Pteropus hypomelanus) are native to the archipelago. Cats, rats, mice and Asian house shrews have been introduced by humans, often invading the uninhabited areas of islands and becoming pests. Bringing dogs and pigs to the Maldives is strictly forbidden. In the ocean surrounding the islands there are several species of whales and dolphins. Occasionally stray seals from sub-Antarctic waters have been recorded on the islands. ==Invertebrates==

, Madoogali reef Cnidarians The islands of the Maldives themselves have been built by the massive growth of coral, a colony of living polyps beings. There are also many kinds of anemones and jellyfish in Maldivian waters. Arthropods There are four species of lobsters and many species of crabs in the Maldives. Some crabs live in the water, but many, like the ghost crab, live on the beach burrowing holes in the sand by the waterline. Fiddler crabs are common on muddy reef shelves. Land crabs, like the hermit crab, live under the leaves of shore bushes. Some are domestic pests, living in holes in houses. Some prawns and shrimp live near the islands but are not fished commercially. There is a kind of centipede, as well as millipedes, and a small scorpion. Several species of spiders are found in the Maldives. Spiders exhibit remarkable affinity with those found in the southwestern coast of Indian mainland and Sri Lanka. A pioneering work on spiders of the Maldives was conducted by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1904 in the work Fauna and Geography of Maldives. A few common spiders include the brown huntsman spider (Heteropoda venatoria), Plexippus paykulli, Argiope anasuja, and lynx spiders, and black widows are very occasionally seen on Hulhumalé island and Malé International Airport. Mollusks Octopuses, squids, and clams are common on Maldivian reefs. The giant clam (Tridacna gigas) is common on the reef shelf. Echinoderms The Maldive reefs teem with starfish, brittle stars, and sea urchins. Sea cucumbers are now a source of income, being exported to east Asian markets, however, they were not traditionally fished locally. Recently sea cucumbers have been over harvested in the Maldives, most probably by illegal poaching. ==See also==