Elected to the
Alabama Senate from
Barbour County, Alabama in 1898, Jelks served as chair of the Committee on Constitution, Constitutional Revision, and Amendment. In 1900, he was elected President of the Senate. Alabama did not have an office of lieutenant governor under the State Constitution of 1875. Thus, Jelks, by his position as President of the Senate, served as acting governor during the temporary incapacitation of
William J. Samford from December 1–26, 1900, and succeeded to the office on June 11, 1901, after Samford died. As governor, Jelks played an active role in securing the ratification of the
Jim Crow State Constitution of 1901. The new constitution reinstated the office of lieutenant governor and established the term of office of governor as four years. Developed according to the Mississippi model, it set requirements for voter registration that effectively
disfranchised most blacks and tens of thousands of poor whites. Its framers extolled it for establishing "white supremacy by law," reducing the power of local governments in Black communities. Blacks were disfranchised for more than 60 years, until after passage in the mid-1960s of federal
civil rights legislation. Elected to his first full term
in 1902, Jelks was the first Alabama governor elected to serve a four-year term. Jelks was also responsible for the passage of legislation limiting and regulating child labor, the establishment of the State Textbook Commission, the reforms of the State Railroad Commission and the
convict lease system, the renovation and expansion of the State Capitol, and the creation of Houston County. Jelks strongly advocated
white supremacy and played a key role in the adoption of constitutional provisions that disenfranchised Blacks and poor whites following brief political gains by the
Populist Party. He supported lynchings, stating that lynching Black men accused of rape was justified. Briefly, during his governorship, he opposed lynching, preferring the judicial process. Jelks opposed education for Blacks, believing it took them from their "labors in the field" and led to idleness, vagrancy, and crime. On at least one occasion in 1902, he pardoned three out of four members of a lynch mob who had been convicted of murder. In a newspaper report from 1905, he defended the murder of a Black man accused of rape. When Jelks left office in 1907, he had served longer than any governor before him. He left a cash balance in the treasury of $1.8 million, which he recommended be spent on education. Later he organized the
Protective Life Insurance Company in
Birmingham, Alabama and served as its first president. He was a delegate to the
1912 Democratic Convention in
Baltimore, Maryland, that nominated
Woodrow Wilson to the presidency. Jelks died on December 13, 1931. ==References==