Early service Born in
Wiltshire in about 1743, William Grinfield was the son of William Grinfield, or Greenfield, a politician who unsuccessfully stood to become
member of parliament for
Marlborough in 1737. His mother was a niece of the politician
John Smith. Grinfield was educated at
Westminster School and then joined the
British Army in 1760, becoming an
ensign in the
3rd Regiment of Foot Guards on 1 September. Grinfield was promoted to
lieutenant (regimental rank) and
captain (army rank) on 9 December 1767, and then to captain and
lieutenant-colonel respectively on 3 February 1776. The
American Revolutionary War having begun, in June 1777 Grinfield travelled out to America in command of a
draft of guardsmen, returning to England in January the following year. He returned to the conflict in March 1781 when he joined the
Composite Guards Regiment serving there. While his services in North America are not recorded in detail, Grinfield was present at the surrender after the
Siege of Yorktown on 19 October, and as such military historian S. G. P. Ward suggests prior to this he fought at the
Battle of Guilford Court House on 15 March.
Battalion command Taken prisoner with the rest of the British Army at Yorktown, Grinfield was
exchanged in December 1782, having been promoted to
colonel (army rank) on 20 November. Again serving in the 3rd Foot Guards, Grinfield was promoted to the regimental rank of
major on 18 April 1786, becoming the junior of the two majors serving in the regiment. He was advanced from Second Major to become First Major on 13 September 1791. In the following year the commanding officer of Grinfield's 1st Battalion,
Major-General Gustavus Guydickens, was suspended from his position because of fifty-eight outstanding debts at the
Court of King's Bench and a criminal charge of
gross indecency. Grinfield took over as commander of the battalion. Discipline in Grinfield's battalion had been lax under Guydickens, and he set about a campaign to fix this. Described by Ward as "a regime of...oppressive tyranny", Grinfield's superiors requested that he stop disciplining his unit so severely. Little had changed, however, when in March 1793 Grinfield and his battalion, 600 men strong, joined the
Guards Brigade to fight in the
French Revolutionary War. Grinfield was singled out for his "personal bravery and ability" while fighting at the
siege of Valenciennes between May and July, and in early August was promoted to become lieutenant-colonel of his battalion. This made him a regimental lieutenant-colonel and an army-wide colonel. The promotion came about because Guydickens was still absent, awaiting a
court martial for homosexual conduct. Grinfield subsequently fought with his battalion at the
Battle of Lincelles on 18 August . Here he served as second-in-command to Major-General
Gerard Lake, who commanded the Guards Brigade. Lake's 1,120 men defeated a French force of 5,000 in the battle. For his conduct, Grinfield was afterwards thanked by the Commander-in-Chief, the
Duke of York. York's opinion of Grinfield was not always so positive. Grinfield had continued his oppressive leadership of his battalion, in October having his troops, stationed at
Englefontaine: In the same month Grinfield was promoted to major-general. Now of a seniority that it might be expected that he could take command of a
brigade within York's army on campaign, the Duke considered him "a most terrible inconvenience". Grinfield, learning of York's opinion, took it badly and returned to England.
Home general in 1796, by
John Kay Serving with the 3rd Foot Guards in his regimental rank of lieutenant-colonel, Grinfield continued his harsh disciplinary ways. He was criticised by members of his regiment for "a most brutal and oppressive plan of discipline", with his "unprecedented martinetism" having "discontented the whole regiment". At some point during this period Grinfield was on guard duty at the
tiltyard in
Horse Guards when he was met by a group of his
creditors and
sheriff's officers. Instead of agreeing to their demands Grinfield had them surrounded by soldiers and locked in the guardroom. The
Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench,
Lord Kenyon, threatened him with
contempt of court, at which point Grinfield surrendered to his creditors with "ignominious submission". On 20 February 1795 Grinfield was given control of the garrison at
Dover, with his home in
Sidmouth, commanding part of the Southern
Military District. He was then made
colonel of the
86th Regiment of Foot on 25 March, replacing
Lieutenant-General Russell Manners and relinquishing his position as lieutenant-colonel of the 3rd Foot Guards. By June 1798 Grinfield had moved to command the North-West Military District. He was then promoted to lieutenant-general later in the year, and in January 1801 was given command of the Midland, or Inland, Military District, consisting of most of
Buckinghamshire and
Oxfordshire with his headquarters in
Lichfield. Early in 1802 Grinfield was transferred to command the
Eastern Military District, before on 5 June he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in the
Windward and
Leeward Islands.
C-in-C Windward and Leeward Islands Preparations for war The French Revolutionary Wars had recently ended with the
Peace of Amiens. Grinfield replaced Lieutenant-General
Sir Thomas Trigge as Commander-in-Chief, inheriting a force of around 10,000 men, of which 3–4,000 were available for offensive military operations. The troops in the West Indies were pre-warned and wary of Grinfield's disciplined ways, which he continued upon arriving at
Barbados. "He descended upon them like a thunderbolt", according to Ward, ordering extra evening
parades, demanding even surgeons wear full regimental uniforms, and halting the practice of long, drawn out dinners. The British government gave Grinfield early warning in April 1803 that the Peace was going to end, beginning the
Napoleonic Wars, and in response Grinfield began to prepare for operations. He toured all the British West Indies islands and also those belonging to the French in order to understand what he would have to seize in wartime, and brought together supplies and
troopships for his men. Word came to the West Indies on 14 June that Britain was again at war with France, and Grinfield was ordered to begin a campaign against the hostile islands. Working in cooperation with Commodore
Samuel Hood, Commander-in-Chief
Leeward Islands Station, Grinfield's force set sail from Barbados on 20 June. Among his senior officers Grinfield had Brigadier-General
George Prevost as his second-in-command, alongside Brigadier-General
Thomas Picton and Lieutenant-Colonel
Edward Pakenham. The force was 3,149 men strong, including the second battalion of the
1st Regiment of Foot and the
64th,
68th, and
3rd West Indies regiments. While initial orders had expected Grinfield to attack
Martinique, this was a heavily defended island that would have required 10,000 men to attack, and so Grinfield and Hood chose to attack other locations.
Capture of Saint Lucia and Tobago Grinfield first attacked the French island of
Saint Lucia. This was to ensure that the French could not continue to resupply and fortify the island. His force landed in
Choc Bay on 21 June, and at 5:30 a.m. advanced through the nearby French outposts and captured
Castries. The French commander, Brigadier
Antoine Noguès, was then requested to surrender, but he refused. In response Grinfield stormed
Morne Fortune fort at 4 a.m. the next day. This attack was made by two columns of troops, commanded respectively by the brigadiers Picton and
Robert Brereton, and after half an hour of fighting the fort was taken, with the British suffering 138 casualties. The force took 640 French soldiers prisoner and sent them back to France, although Noguès became friendly with Grinfield and received permission to go to Martinique instead. Brereton was left to hold Saint Lucia with the 68th and three
companies of the 3rd West Indies Regiment. Grinfield moved on with the rest of his expedition, attacking
Tobago five days later. The island was commanded by Brigadier-General
César Berthier, who was forced to surrender on 1 July after Grinfield made a quick advance on his capital
Scarborough with two columns of soldiers. Grinfield sent Berthier and his 200 soldiers back to France, having completed his attack without receiving a single casualty. The capture of Tobago at this stage stopped French plans to reinforce it, which would have seen Berthier build a strong naval depot guarded by a garrison of 1,200 men.
Surrender of the Dutch colonies in 1802 Having left eight companies from the 1st and another one from the 3rd West Indies as garrison on Tobago, Grinfield returned to Barbados. This was to ensure that his force was not too thinly spread to respond to any French counterattacks from Martinique or
Guadeloupe, with
Antigua having refused to create a
militia to help defend itself. The Dutch colonies in the West Indies, nominally controlled by the
Batavian Republic, were wary of the bloodshed that might come to them if they were invaded, having been visited by the French colonial governor
Victor Hughes in early July, and they requested to Britain that they be peacefully taken over by Grinfield. He received his orders on 10 August to go and accept the surrender of the Dutch governors, and a week later the Batavian Republic joined with France against Britain, making Grinfield's path to capture them more simple. Despite this Grinfield was worried about any further offensive actions, with much of his expeditionary force already used up as garrisons of the newly captured French islands. He requested that 5,000 more men be sent out to supplement his force. Grinfield was promised that a battalion would be sent to him from
Gibraltar, but neither this nor any other reinforcements were provided. He waited for any arrivals until the end of August and then decided that an attack had to take place despite his smaller force. He supplemented it with
Royal Marines and on 1 September set out again in conjunction with Hood, with his force 1,300 men strong. This was mostly made up of the 64th and parts of the 3rd, 7th, and 11th West Indies. Grinfield first sailed to
Demerara because he expected that surrender to be entirely peaceful. Arriving on 16 September at
Georgetown he sent an offer to the governor. On 19 September his force took control of Demerara and
Essequibo without bloodshed, the local commanders having surrendered on board the 22-gun
post ship HMS Heureux the day before. Later in the same day 550 men were sent on to
Berbice, which was under the control of a different commander. There a
flag of truce was organised and a committee was received to surrender the island, but the Dutch garrison commander refused to capitulate without discussion with his officers. Eventually agreement was found and the British took control on 25 September, capturing the 600-strong garrison. The operation was completed without loss to the British. Of the 1,500 Dutch soldiers in garrison on the three colonies half of them chose to join Grinfield, becoming the
York Light Infantry Volunteers. Grinfield was promoted to
general on 1 October.
Death Grinfield returned to Barbados from Georgetown in late September. Throughout this time sickness had been rife in Grinfield's force, with around 700 men having died. Grinfield was not immune to this, and at Barbados he was attacked by a bout of
yellow fever, of which his wife died on 16 October and he on 19 October, having been delirious for several days, aged 58. Grinfield was replaced as Commander-in-Chief by Major-General
Sir Charles Green who went on with Hood to
capture Suriname in 1804. Grinfield left almost everything in his will to his younger brother Thomas (died 1824), a
clergyman in
Bristol. ==Notes and citations==