William H. Lewis

Lewis was born in Berkley, Virginia, in 1868, the son of former slaves of European and African ancestry. Both parents stressed education. After local schooling, Lewis enrolled at age 15 in the state's Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (now Virginia State University), recently established for Black students. (It is now considered among the historically black colleges and universities, or HBCUs.) ==Football player and coach==

Amherst College With the assistance of Virginia Normal's first president, John Mercer Langston, He was also selected as the class orator and won prizes for oratory and debating. All-American center at Harvard After graduating from Amherst, Lewis enrolled at Harvard Law School. He played two years for the Harvard football team at the center position. An article published by the College Football Hall of Fame noted that, while Lewis "was relatively light for the position (175 pounds) he played with intelligence, quickness and maturity." Lewis was named as the center on the College Football All-America Team in both years at Harvard. He was the first African American to be honored as an All-American. In November 1893, Harvard's team captain was unable to play in the last game of the season due to an injury. The game was Lewis's last college football game, and the team voted him as the acting captain for the game, making him Harvard's first African-American team captain. In announcing the All-America selections for ''Harper's Weekly'', Caspar Whitney wrote that "Lewis has proved himself to be not only the best centre in football this year, but the best all-round centre that has ever put on a football jacket." In 1900 Walter Camp named Lewis to his All-Time All America Team, noting that Lewis's quickness had revolutionized center play, placing the emphasis on "mobility rather than fixed stability." During his coaching tenure, the team had a combined record of 114–15–5. Upon the book's release, one reviewer noted: In a 1904 article, The Philadelphia Inquirer placed Lewis on par with the legendary Walter Camp in his knowledge of the game, writing, "The one man whom Harvard has to match Mr. Camp in football experience and general knowledge is William H. Lewis the famous Harvard centre of the early nineties and the man who is the recognized authority on defense in football the country over." In 1905, critics of football sought to ban it from college campuses, or to alter its rules to control its violent nature. Lewis published an editorial in which he wrote, "There is nothing the matter with football. ... The game itself is one of the finest sports ever devised for the pastime of youth, and the pleasure of the public." While opposing unnecessary roughness, Lewis argued against proposed changes, noting that he did not want to watch "a game of ping-pong or marbles upon the football field." Lewis later recalled, "There is no game like football. ... If it hadn't been for football there is no telling what I would be today. ... It gives you a general hardening and training which stands a man in good use in later life." ==Politician and lawyer==

, a friend of Lewis and a Harvard football fan, appointed Lewis as an Asst. U.S. Attorney in 1903. Lewis entered politics by successfully running for election to the Cambridge Common Council where he served from 1899 to 1902. In 1901, he won election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives' 5th Middlesex district to complete the term of Albert S. Apsey after Apsey was elected to the State Senate. As a result of his Harvard football career, Lewis became a friend of President Theodore Roosevelt, a Harvard alumnus, and was a guest of Roosevelt's at his estate at Oyster Bay, New York in 1900. In 1903 the United States Attorney for Boston Henry P. Moulton, at the direction of Roosevelt, appointed Lewis as an Assistant United States Attorney in Boston; he was the first African American to be an Assistant US Attorney. His appointment was reported in newspapers across the country. Some wrote that the appointment was an effort by Roosevelt to show that "his championing of the negro is not political and is not limited to the southern states." The New York Times downplayed Lewis's race, noting, "Lewis is said to be so light in color that only his intimate friends know him to be a negro." Some wrote that Roosevelt appointed Lewis in order to keep him in Boston, where he could continue coaching the Harvard football team. The author noted that Lewis "owes his appointment to the fact that he is an uncommonly good football coach and that President Roosevelt is a Harvard man." ==First African-American Assistant Attorney General==

In October 1910, President William Howard Taft announced he would appoint Lewis as a United States Assistant Attorney General, sparking a national debate. A North Carolina newspaper wrote that the "Lucky Colored Man" would hold the "Highest Public Office Ever Held by One of His Race." The appointment was reported to be "the highest office in an executive branch of the government ever held by a member of that race." The Boston Journal wrote that Lewis had received "the highest honor of the kind ever paid to a negro," such that he then ranked in "a position of credit and influence second only to that occupied by Booker T. Washington." president of Tuskegee Institute. The Washington Evening Star concluded that the appointment of Lewis to "a higher governmental position than any heretofore given to a colored man" would result in a confirmation battle with southern Democrats, who had imposed racial segregation across the South. An Illinois paper mistakenly reported in December 1910 that opposition to Lewis was so strong that Taft had decided not to place his appointment before the Senate. However, Taft did not withdraw the nomination, and a Georgia newspaper predicted a "Hard Fight Is Coming" on the nomination: After a two-month fight against him waged by the Southern Democratic block (Southern states had disenfranchised most blacks at the turn of the century, and white Democrats dominated southern politics in a one-party system), the Senate confirmed Lewis as an Assistant Attorney General in June 1911. After being sworn into office, Lewis went to the White House, where he personally thanked President Taft for the high honor. Lewis's initial assignment was to defend the federal government against all Indian land claims. Lewis was the highest-ranking of four African Americans appointed to office by Taft, who were known as his "Black Cabinet:" Henry Lincoln Johnson as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia, James Carroll Napier as Register of the Treasury, and Robert Heberton Terrell as District of Columbia Municipal Judge. Challenge from southern ABA members sent a "spirited letter" to all 4,700 members of the ABA after the ouster of Lewis In 1911, Lewis was among the first African Americans to be admitted to the American Bar Association (ABA). In September 1911, Lewis faced a campaign for his ouster from the ABA. Though there was no racial restriction in the organization's charter, some members threatened to resign if Lewis stayed. When Lewis's name had been submitted with others by the Massachusetts Bar Association, his race had not been disclosed. The Southern white delegates said they did not know Lewis was a negro until he entered the convention hall. Lewis refused to resign. When the ABA's executive committee voted to oust Lewis in early 1912, U.S. Attorney General George W. Wickersham sent a "spirited letter" to each of the 4,700 members of the ABA condemning the decision. While northern newspapers congratulated Lewis and Wickersham for their stance, a Charlotte, North Carolina newspaper criticized Lewis for his lack of "good manners" in refusing to resign: The insistence of William H. Lewis of Boston, now an Assistant Attorney General, that he retain his membership in the American Bar Association notwithstanding objections is due condemnation upon other grounds than those of race. He would probably not have been elected if it had been known by the majority of delegate who he was. Having thus slipped into an organization, he should offer his resignation pending a real decision of the matter. This is simply what any one elected to any manner of organization through any sort of ignorance or misapprehension is required by good manners to do. Lewis became an advocate for African Americans in the legal profession. During the fight over his removal from the ABA, Lewis published an article saying that many white men "know intimately only the depraved, ignorant, vicious negros – those who helped to keep the dockets filled." In August, 1912, the ABA as a body voted to overrule the executive order and restore Lewis and two other ousted Black lawyers to membership. The measure that passed also required that future Black applicants must identify their race. ==Private law practice==

) Lewis's tenure as Assistant Attorney General ended with Taft's presidency in 1913. Democrat Woodrow Wilson succeeded Taft and removed most black officeholders. Taft recommended Lewis for appointment as a Massachusetts Superior Court judge, but the state's governor, Eugene Foss, declined to make the appointment. ==Civil rights leader and speaker==

. Throughout his career, Lewis was outspoken on issues of race and discrimination. After a white barber in Cambridge refused to shave Lewis, he filed a suit seeking $5,000 in damages and successfully lobbied for the passage of a Massachusetts law prohibiting racial discrimination in places of public accommodation. In 1902, Lewis delivered an address on race relations to a gathering of Amherst College alumni. Lewis called race the "transcendent problem" facing the country, referring to the recent Spanish–American War, the disfranchisement of blacks in the South by new state constitutions, and the imposition of Jim Crow, which deprived blacks of civil rights, in his remarks: He delivered the commencement address to the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute Class of 1910 in Alabama, urging them, despite adversity, to maintain their love for the South: While serving as Assistant Attorney General, Lewis learned that a young African-American graduate of Harvard had been refused employment at a prominent Boston trust company on account of race. In a speech to Boston business leaders, Lewis said: "In Boston the outlook for the negro is far worse than it has been since the Civil War. I think the blood of three signers of the Declaration of Independence and of the Abolitionists has run out." Lewis's speech reportedly drew "volumes of cheers" from the businessmen and "also from the colored waiters who cheered frequently." In 1919, Lewis was one of the signatories to a call published in the New York Herald for a National Conference on Lynching, intended to take concerted action against the widespread practice of lynching and lawlessness in primarily Southern states. Lynching had reached what is now seen as a peak in the South around the turn of the century, the period when those states imposed white supremacy. In the summer of 1919, after Lewis's speech, the economic and social tensions of the postwar years erupted in numerous white racial attacks against blacks in northern and midwestern cities where blacks had migrated by the thousands and were competing with recent European immigrants; it was called Red Summer. ==Personal life==

Lewis married Elizabeth B. Baker, who had been a student at Wellesley College, and the couple lived on Upland Road in Cambridge, where they raised three children. She predeceased him in 1943. ==Death==

Lewis died in Boston of heart failure on January 1, 1949, at age 80. He was interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ==Honors==

• In 1980, Lewis was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame. • In 2009, he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame. ==See also==

• Albright, Evan, "Three Lives of an African American Pioneer: William Henry Lewis (1868-1949)." Massachusetts Historical Review, Vol. 13, (2011) pp. 127–163 • Bond, Gregory. "The Strange Career of William Henry Lewis", in Out of the Shadows: A Biographical History of African American Athletes. Edited by David K. Wiggins. (Little Rock, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press, 2006), pages 39–57. ==External links==