X-class submarine

The craft was about long, maximum diameter and displaced surfaced and submerged. Propulsion was by a 4-cylinder Gardner 4LK 42 hp diesel engine, converted from a type used in London buses, and a 30 hp electric motor, giving a maximum surface speed of and a submerged speed of about one third of that. The crew initially numbered threecommander, pilot and ERA (Engine Room Artificer, i.e. engineer), but soon a specialist diver was added, for whom an airlock, known as a "wet and dry" compartment, was provided. The ERA, usually a Navy Chief Petty Officer, operated and maintained the machinery in the vessel. The weapons on the "X-Craft" were two side-cargoes – explosive charges held on opposite sides of the hull with two tons of amatol in each. The intention was to drop these on the sea bed underneath the target and then escape. The charges were detonated by a time fuse. The craft were fitted with electromagnetic field generators to mask their inherent magnetic field to avoid detection by anti-submarine detectors on the sea bed and also with sonar and a periscope. ==Service==

A number of development craft were built before it was felt that a feasible weapon had been produced. The first operational craft was X3 (or HM S/M X.3), launched on the night of 15 March 1942. Training with the craft began in September 1942, with X4 arriving in October. In December 1942 and January 1943, six of the "5-10" class began to arrive, identical externally but with a completely reworked interior. These operations were part of a longer series of frogman operations; see human torpedo. The operational base and training establishment was at the former Kyles Hydro Hotel at Port Bannatyne on the Isle of Bute in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland. Major operations Their first deployment was Operation Source in September, 1943, an attempt to neutralise the heavy German warships based at Kåfjord, Nordkapp in Northern Norway. Six X-Craft were used but only two successfully laid charges (under the German battleship Tirpitz). Two were lost while being towed to Norway; X8 began taking water and was scuttled, and X9 sank with her crew after the towline parted. Only X6 and X7, commanded by Lieutenant Donald Cameron and Lieutenant Godfrey Place respectively, were successful in placing their charges although their crews were captured (there is some evidence that X5 also placed her charges; X10 also penetrated the anchorage but was unable to attack and the crew were picked up by another submarine). Tirpitz was badly damaged, crippled, and out of action until May 1944; it was destroyed on 12 November 1944 by Avro Lancaster bombers during Operation Catechism in Tromsø, Norway. For this action, Cameron and Place were awarded the Victoria Cross, whilst Robert Aitken, Richard Haddon Kendall, and John Thornton Lorimer received the Distinguished Service Order and Edmund Goddard the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal. The commander of X8, John Elliott Smart, was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). There was a possibility that X5 had also successfully planted explosive side charges before being destroyed, but this was never conclusively proven; its commander Henty-Creer was not awarded a medal, but was mentioned in dispatches. , net cutter of the type used by X boat divers to cut through torpedo nets protecting harbours X-Craft were involved in the preparatory work for Overlord. Operation Postage Able was planned to take surveys of the landing beaches with X20, commanded by Lt KR Hudspeth, spending four days off the French coast. Periscope reconnaissance of the shoreline and echo-soundings were performed during daytime. Each night, X20 would approach the beach and 2 divers would swim ashore. Soil samples were collected in condoms. The divers went ashore on two nights to survey the beaches at Vierville-sur-Mer, Moulins St Laurent and Colleville-sur-Mer in what became the American Omaha Beach. On the third night, they were due to go ashore off the Orne Estuary (Sword Beach), but by this stage fatigue (the crew and divers had been living on little more than benzedrine tablets) and the worsening weather caused Hudspeth to shorten the operation, returning to Dolphin on 21 January 1944. Hudspeth received a bar to his DSC. X20 and X23, each with a crew of five, acted as navigational beacons to help the D-Day invasion fleet land on the correct beaches (Operation Gambit), as part of the Combined Operations Pilotage Parties (COPP). The craft were also equipped with a radio beacon and echo sounder to help direct Canadian and British ships to the suitable positions on Sword and Juno beaches. Oxygen bottles on both craft enabled the crews to remain submerged for extended periods during this operation, 64 hours of the 76 total hours at sea. Operations continued in the Far East with the revised XE class submarines. ==X-craft and crews==

• X3 – unofficially named Piker 1, was lost on 4 November 1942 in Loch Striven due to a leaking engine valve. All crew escaped by utilizing their Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus. • X5 – unofficially named Platypus, commanded by Lt. Henty-Creer RNVR (also the operation's commander), crew S-Lt. Nelson, Midshipman Malcolm, and ERA Mortiboys; passage crew Lt Terry-Lloyd (commanding), L/S Element, Stoker Garrity. Henty-Creer, Nelson, Malcolm, and Mortiboys were killed in the attack, though X5's exact fate is unknown. commanded by Lt. Basil C. G. Place, crew S-Lt. R. Aitken, Lt. Whittam, and ERA Whitley; passage crew Lt Philip (commanding), Leading Seaman J. Magennis, Stoker Luck. • X8 – unofficially named Expectant, commanded by Lt. McFarlane RAN commanded by Lt. EA Kearon RNVR; AH Harte (Able Seaman) and GH Hollet (Stoker). Foundered on 16 September 1942 while under tow from the Syrtis. • X10 – unofficially named Excalibur, commanded by Lt. Hudspeth RANVR ==Builders==

, east of Edinburgh, in 2008. The bow is to the left, the stern to the right. From left to right can be seen the wet and dry chamber hatch, the "conning tower" (the periscopes penetrated the hull through the "eye" shape) and the secondary hatch. The numbering sequence of the X class began with X3 because the designations X1 and X2 had already been used previously – X1 had been a one-off submarine cruiser design from the 1920s while X2 had been assigned to a captured Italian submarine. • Prototypes • X3 – built by Varley Marine, Hamble, scrapped 1945 • X4 – built by Portsmouth Dockyard, scrapped 1945 • X5-type • X5 – built by Vickers Armstrong, Barrow-in-Furness, used in Operation Source, sunk Altenfjord, 22 September 1943 • X6 – built by Vickers, used in Operation Source, scuttled Altenfjord, 22 September 1943 • X7 – built by Vickers, used in Operation Source, scuttled Altenfjord, 22 September 1943, salved 1976 for museum restoration • X8 – built by Vickers, used in Operation Source, scuttled in North Sea, 17 September 1943 • X9 – built by Vickers, used in Operation Source, foundered under tow in North Sea, 16 September 1943 with all hands • X10 – built by Vickers, used in Operation Source, scuttled in North Sea 3 October 1943 • X20-type • X20 – built by Broadbent, Huddersfield, used in Operation Postage Able (surveying Normandy beaches prior to invasion) and on Operation Gambit • X21 – built by Broadbent • X22 – built by Markham & Co., Chesterfield, collided with HMS Syrtis and lost with all hands while training, 7 February 1944 • X23 – built by Markham, used on Operation Gambit, sold 1945 • X24 – built by Marshall, Gainsborough, used on Operation Guidance (attacking Laksevåg floating dock at Bergen 15 April 1944) when the merchant ship Barenfels alongside the dock was sunk; the dock was attacked and sunk on Operation Heckle on 11 September 1944, again by X24 which was hulked 1945 • X25 – built by Marshall, sold 1945 • Training craft • XT1 – built by Vickers, scrapped 1945 • XT2 – built by Vickers, scrapped 1945 • XT3 – built by Vickers, scrapped 1945 • XT4 – built by Vickers, scrapped 1945 • XT5 – built by Vickers, scrapped 1945 • XT6 – built by Vickers, scrapped 1945 ==Surviving examples==

• X24 – the only one to have seen combat and survive is at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport • X7 - sunk in Kaa Fjord, Norway following an engagement with the German battleship Tirpitz, the stern section of the submarine was recovered for study by the Germans. The bow and battery section were re-discovered in 1974, and salvaged in 1976. The wreckage is currently on display at the Imperial War Museum, London • The remains of two XT-class craft are present on the beach at Aberlady Bay in East Lothian, Scotland. They were towed there in 1946 and moored to a large concrete block at the low tide level and were used as targets for aircraft. Much of the structure remains, semisubmerged in the sand, and can be reached at low spring tides. • X51 Stickleback, a Stickleback-class of 1954, is on display at the Scottish Submarine Centre in Helensburgh, Scotland. ==In the media==

This type of midget submarine was portrayed in the 1955 war film, Above Us the Waves, featuring John Mills, which was based on both Operation Source and the earlier Chariot attacks on the Tirpitz. An X-class submarine – marked as "X2" – features in the 1959 film The Giant Behemoth (a.k.a. Behemoth the Sea Monster). This class of submarine was later featured in the 1968 movie Submarine X-1 starring James Caan as a Canadian Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve officer who after losing his submarine and fifty crew members in a battle with a German ship during World War II, gets a second chance training crews to take part in a raid using midget subs. A 1976 Douglas Reeman novel, Surface with Daring, features a fictionalized account of X-class midget submarines, especially XE-16 and its crew, performing several highly secret operations in occupied Europe. A 2006 Alexander Fullerton novel, The Gatecrashers, features a fictionalized account of X-class midget submarines, including X-12 piloted by one of the protagonists, that lays explosive charges to damage the Tirpitz. ==See also==