Tiefu tribe The rulers of Xia came from the Tiefu tribe, who descended from the
Southern Xiongnu Wise Prince of the Left,
Qubei. Qubei was a member of the imperial
Luandi clan as the uncle of the last
chanyu,
Huchuquan, although a later and more dubious account alleged that he was the descendant of a
Han dynasty prince-turned-Xiongnu noble, Liu Jinbo instead. In 196, Qubei assisted the warlord,
Cao Cao in escorting
Emperor Xian of Han to
Xuchang, and in 216, Cao Cao appointed him to supervise the Five Divisions of the Southern Xiongnu in modern-day
Shanxi. As the Xiongnu imperial family claimed descent from the
Han dynasty through their
heqin marriages with Han princesses, Qubei's family adopted "Liu" (劉) as their surname. Qubei's family entered a decline following his death. His son,
Liu Meng rebelled against the Western Jin but received little support and was ultimately killed. His brother,
Liu Gaoshengyuan inherited his followers, and Gaoshengyuan's son,
Liu Hu later succeeded him to the chieftaincy. Liu Hu further adopted the clan name of "Tiefu", meaning a person with a Xiongnu father and
Xianbei mother, which suggests that his tribe had intermingled with the Xianbei. Additionally, the Tiefu were also referred to as
Wuhuan, which by Liu Hu's time, had become a broad label for Xiongnu tribes that mixed with the
Donghu people (Wuhuan and Xianbei). In 310, Liu Hu led his people to another revolt, but the Jin, with aid from the
Tuoba-Xianbei tribe, drove him west to
Shuofang Commandery in the
Ordos Plateau. His distant cousin, the Emperor of
Han (Zhao),
Liu Cong, acknowledged him as kin and gave him the title of Duke of Loufan. At the time, the Ordos had largely been abandoned by the Chinese dynasties since the fall of Han and became a dwelling space for a myriad of nomadic tribes. The Tiefu settled in their new home and grew into an influential clan in the region. However, they were constantly threatened by the Tuoba in the east, who were rewarded the princely fied of
Dai by the Jin for their effort in quelling Liu Hu's rebellion. The Tiefu were often defeated in battle, which forced them to vacillate between submitting to the Dai and becoming vassals to the dynasties of the
Central and
Guanzhong Plains (
Han-Zhao,
Later Zhao and
Former Qin). The Tiefu and Tuoba conflict was particularly intense during the chieftaincy of
Liu Weichen. In 376, he finally convinced his overlord, the Former Qin, to carry out a major campaign on the Dai. With Liu Weichen acting as their guide, the Qin conquered Dai, thereby unifying all of northern China, and rewarded him with the western half of the former Tuoba territory. During the collapse of Former Qin after the
Battle of Fei River in 383, Liu Weichen re-asserted his autonomy over the Ordos from Shuofang and assembled a powerful force under him. In 391–392, he set his sights on subjugating the Tuoba tribe, who had reestablished their state as the Northern Wei. However, the campaign ended in disaster, and Liu Weichen was killed along with most of his tribe. Liu Weichen's son, Liu Bobo, survived the fall of his tribe. He initially fled south to the
Xuegan tribe, who then sent him to the Poduoluo. The chieftain of the Poduoluo,
Moyigan, took Liu under his wing and gave him a daughter to marry. As the
Qiang-led
Later Qin dynasty closed in on unifying the Guanzhong region, the Qin began accepting submissions from tribes in the Ordos to form a buffer zone along their northern frontier. The Poduoluo was one these tribes, and in the early reign of
Yao Xing, Liu Bobo was introduced to Yao, who sent him back to Shuofang and entrusted him as a major border commander. During this period, the Northern Wei was rapidly rising in power and continued to ravage the Ordos tribes with their raids, leading to general unrest on the frontier. In retaliation, Yao Xing led an eastern expedition against the Wei, but suffered a decisive defeat at the
Battle of Chaibi in 402. From then on, the Qin avoided further military engagements with the Wei and sought to mend their relationship through appeasements. In 407, Liu Bobo, angered by peace talks between Yao Xing and the Tuoba, raised an army in rebellion against the Qin, killing his father-in-law, Moyigan in an ambush and absorbing his tribe.
Reign of Helian Bobo As the Xiongnu alleged that they descended from
Yu the Great, Liu Bobo claimed descent from the
Xia dynasty and founded his own state of Great Xia, claiming the titles of
Heavenly King and
Grand Chanyu. The same year, he led his army to subjugate and forcibly unite the tribes of Ordos, including the Xuegan. He also briefly fought with the
Southern Liang after they rejected his offer for a marriage alliance, dealing them a debilitating defeat. Despite his grudge against the Northern Wei, Bobo mainly concentrated his military efforts on the Later Qin. He refused to establish a capital in his early reign, instead choosing to lead a roving army and attacking Qin's northern borders when they least expected. In 413, Bobo, believing that it was inappropriate to claim lineage from the Han dynasty through his maternal line, changed his family name from Liu to the prestigious-sounding and Xiongnu-like family name of Helian. He also built his capital city of
Tongwancheng at the southern edge of the
Mu Us Desert. Construction of the city was reportedly brutal, with around 100,000
Han Chinese and tribal people being drafted to build the city. Remains of the city can still be seen today at
Jingbian County,
Shaanxi. In 414, Helian Bobo entered into an alliance with the
Northern Yan in
Liaoning, and in 415, with the
Northern Liang in
Gansu. The war with Xia greatly drained the Qin economy and military, with many of their key generals being killed in battle. In 417, the
Eastern Jin commander,
Liu Yu, conquered Qin, but the situation back at the Jin capital forced him to return and leave behind his generals to defend the
Guanzhong region. In 418, Bobo invaded the Guanzhong, and due to violent infighting among the Jin generals, he inflicted them a catastrophic defeat and captured the region. ,
Shaanxi (modern
Chang'an) carved during
Helian Bobo's reign in 424. In 419, Helian Bobo elevated himself to Emperor of Xia. Although the ancient capital,
Chang’an, was under his control, he set up a Southern Administration there and kept Tongwancheng as his capital out of concern that the Northern Wei would invade the Ordos in his absence. Throughout his reign, Bobo is described in records as an extremely cruel ruler who often killed his subjects on impulse. In 424, a civil war broke out among his sons, which ended in him appointing
Helian Chang as his new Crown Prince.
Decline and fall After Helian Bobo's death in 425, the Northern Wei intensified their pressure on the Xia. While Helian Chang was away campaigning against the
Western Qin, Wei carried out a surprise attack on Xia, capturing many cities in Guanzhong including Chang’an. In 427, as Xia attempted to recapture Chang’an, Wei launched a second attack and captured their capital at the Battle of Tongwancheng. Chang relocated to
Shanggui, but after several more defeats, he was finally captured in battle in 428. Helian Chang's brother,
Helian Ding, declared himself the new emperor at
Pingliang. In 431, as Wei continued their encroachment, he made a last-ditch effort to expand westwards. He conquered the weakened Western Qin, but on his way to invade Northern Liang, he was ambushed and captured by the
Tuyuhun. Helian Ding's capture marked the end of the Xia, and in 432, he was turned over to Wei and executed. In 434, Helian Chang tried to escape west from
Pingcheng but was intercepted and killed. == Relations with the Dugu ==