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Year of three popes

A year of three popes is a year when the College of Cardinals of the Catholic Church is required to elect two new popes within the same calendar year. The term is most often used in reference to 1978, the most recent year this has occurred. Such a year has historically occurred when a newly elected pope dies very early into his papacy. This results in the Catholic Church being led by three different popes during the same calendar year. In one instance, in 1276, there was a year of four popes.

Instances
There have been twelve instances in which exactly three popes have held office in a given calendar year. • 827: Eugene II — Valentine — Gregory IV (Valentine was Pope for just 41 days when he died.) • 896: Formosus — Boniface VI — Stephen VI (After a pontificate of fifteen days, Boniface is said by some to have died of the gout or been forcibly ejected) • 897: Stephen VI — Theodore II (Pontificate of Romanus ended when he was deposed and confined to a monastery.) • 964: Leo VIII — Benedict V — John XIII (First Leo was overthrown, then Benedict himself was overthrown) • 1003: Sylvester II — John XVII — John XVIII (John XVII died less than six months after taking office) • 1045: Sylvester III — Benedict IX (second reign) — Gregory VI — Gregory VIII — Clement III (Gregory VIII died of fever after 57 days in office) • 1503: Alexander VI — Pius III — Julius II (Pius III died of a septic ulcer on his leg after 26 days in office) • 1555: Julius III — Marcellus II — Paul IV (Marcellus died of a stroke after 22 days in office) • 1590: Sixtus V — Urban VII — Gregory XIV (Urban died of malaria after 12 days in office, making him the shortest serving pope) • 1605: Clement VIII — Leo XI — Paul V (Leo died of fever after 27 days in office) • 1978: Paul VIJohn Paul IJohn Paul II (John Paul I died, likely from a heart attack, after 33 days in office) — Innocent V — Adrian V — John XXI (Innocent died after five months in office, then Adrian died after one month) ==See also==
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