Tong Jixu was born in 1884, in
Fuzhou city,
Fujian Province in an intellectual
Manchu family. His ancestors were engineers who produced the cannons for the Manchu military. His family lived on the Dongmen, Fuzhou, for seven generations as part of the
Decorated Yellow Banner guard garrison.
Early career He graduated from Fujian Higher School and was a friend of
Chen Baochen, Emperor Puyi's teacher. He moved to Beijing around 1902, started a photograph business and later taught English in the Academy of Law and Politics for Aristocratic Education. After 1912, ethnic Manchu were persecuted in the southern cities such as Fuzhou by Han locals and he relocated the whole family to Beijing. He then joined the
Beiyang Army and was commissioned as an officer in the department of chief staffs. Because of his English skills, he was instrumental in bringing in military technologies from the western world. He started the then new air force and served as a vice-principal of the Nanyuan Aviation School at the Nanyuan Military Base (current
Nanyuan Airport). However, because of his Manchu ethnicity, he did not get a promotion for many years and was not able to support the family and relatives who escaped from Fuzhou to Beijing.
Publishing Business He quit from the military and focused on his business –
Yanguangshi publishing house, which became a pioneer in the field of art reproduction and publication in China. Tong introduced advanced German photographic and printing technologies to China, particularly the
collotype printing technique (珂罗版). This allowed Yanguangshi to produce high-quality reproductions of paintings and calligraphy. The company specialized in creating limited-edition prints of authentic artworks, making rare pieces more accessible to collectors and art students. One major source of the early photo-books published by Yanguangshi was the imperial art collection that he accessed through borrowing from the emperor's relatives and Chen Baochen. His clients and collaborators included a lot of the famous collectors including
Zhang Daqian, as well as many leading Manchu intellectuals and aristocrats such as
Puru at the time because of his former tenure as an instructor in the academy.
Political career In 1924, when Tong's old friend from Fuzhou,
Zheng Xiaoxu was appointed as the minister of Household Department of Puyi, he recruited Tong to work as his chief of operation at the
Imperial Household Department. His honesty and integrity in this short post was mentioned by the Emperor's Tutor,
Reginald Johnston in his book,
Twilight in The Forbidden City. Tong was tasked to clean up the administration and root out corruption within the Forbidden City. After
Puyi was expelled from Forbidden City to exile in Zhang Yuan, Tianji, Tong moved the family to Tianjin and later to Changchun. Once Manchuguo started, he became chief of security (a three-star general ranked position) in the Imperial Household Department. Within the court, Tong was known for this anti-Japanese stance within the court of Puyi. (Secretly, two of his sons joined underground
Chinese Communist Party to fight the Japanese). Tong established the Hujun, the elite guard division separated from the Japanese controlled military and tried to build up a military core that would be loyal to Puyi. However, this effort ran afoul with the Japanese military who only wanted to keep Puyi as their puppet emperor. The
Kwantung Army plotted an incident when several Japanese and Korean army staff members in civilian clothes incited a fight with off-duty Hujun members. One of the Japanese officers was injured, and the Japanese military police arrested the involved Hujun soldiers. Using the incident as an excuse, Kwantung Army pushed Puyi to relieve Tong from the Chief of Security post, thus stripping his command over Hujun. Hujun was also merged into the Japanese controlled military.
Late life and death Latter Puyi re-appointed Tong to be the Director of Internal Guards (a lower-level position). Tong died in 1943 in Changchun. ==Family==