Early life in Japan Noguchi was born in what is now part of the city of
Tsushima, near
Nagoya. He attended
Keio University in Tokyo, where he was exposed to the works of
Thomas Carlyle and
Herbert Spencer, and also expressed interests in
haiku and
Zen. He lived for a time in the home of
Shiga Shigetaka, editor of the magazine
Nihonjin, but left before graduating to travel to San Francisco in November 1893.
California Noguchi arrived in San Francisco on November 19, 1893. There, he joined a newspaper run by Japanese exiles associated with the
Freedom and People's Rights Movement and worked as a
domestic servant. He spent some months at
Palo Alto, California studying at a preparatory school for
Stanford University but returned to journalistic work in San Francisco during the
Sino-Japanese War. On a visit to the
Oakland hillside home of
Joaquin Miller after the war ended, Noguchi decided his true vocation was to be a poet. Miller welcomed and encouraged Noguchi and introduced him to other
San Francisco Bay area bohemians, including
Gelett Burgess (who published Noguchi's first verses in his magazine,
The Lark),
Ina Coolbrith,
Edwin Markham,
Adeline Knapp,
Blanche Partington, and
Charles Warren Stoddard. Noguchi weathered a
plagiarism scandal in 1896 to publish two books of poetry in 1897, and remained an important fixture of the Bay Area literary scene until his departure to the East Coast in May 1900.
Further travels Stopping in Chicago for several weeks, Noguchi befriended artist
William Denslow, writer
Onoto Watanna, and journalist Frank Putnam, and was invited to write his impressions of the city for the
Chicago Evening Post. He initially found New York unwelcoming. In September 1900 he made his long-awaited visit to
Charles Warren Stoddard in Washington D.C. "After many years of passionate correspondence across long distances," writes historian
Amy Sueyoshi, "they had finally consummated their affection for one another in person." From 1900 to 1904, Noguchi's primary base was New York City. There, with the help of editor and future lover
Léonie Gilmour, he completed work on his first novel,
The American Diary of a Japanese Girl, and a sequel,
The American Letters of a Japanese Parlor-Maid. Noguchi then sailed to England, where (with the help of his artist friend
Yoshio Markino) he published and promoted his third book of poetry,
From the Eastern Sea, and formed connections with leading literary figures like
William Michael Rossetti,
Laurence Binyon,
William Butler Yeats,
Thomas Hardy,
Laurence Housman,
Arthur Symons and the young
Arthur Ransome. His London success brought him some attention on his return to New York in 1903, and he formed productive new friendships with American writers like
Edmund Clarence Stedman,
Zona Gale, and even
Mary MacLane, but he continued to have difficulty publishing in the United States. He spent much of the summer of 1903 selling curios at
Kushibiki and Arai's "Japan by Night" installation at
Madison Square Garden, “doing a pretty good business, selling things between 7 and 12 dollars a night,” telling Stoddard it was “awfully jolly to do such a thing upon the roof full of fresh air and music.” Noguchi's situation changed dramatically with the onset of the
Russo-Japanese War in 1904, as his writings on various aspects of Japanese culture were suddenly in great demand among magazine and newspaper editors. In addition to translations of war news from the Japanese press, he was able to publish a number of seminal articles at this time, including "A Proposal to American Poets," in which he advised American poets to "try Japanese
hokku."
Romantic entanglements While in the United States, Noguchi became romantically involved with
Charles Warren Stoddard,
Léonie Gilmour and
Ethel Armes. He had begun an amorous correspondence with Stoddard while still in California, and acknowledged that they slept in the same bed when he visited Stoddard in Washington, D.C., in 1900. He had met Ethel Armes at Stoddard's by Christmas 1901. He had hired
Léonie Gilmour as an English teacher and editor in February 1901. By the end of 1903 Noguchi was secretly married to Gilmour and secretly engaged to Armes. Stoddard, when informed about the Armes engagement, repeatedly begged Noguchi to end it. Charles_Warren_Stoddard.jpg|
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Gilmour Ethel_Armes_1915.jpg|
Armes Having (he thought) ended his brief, secret marriage to Léonie Gilmour in the early months of 1904, Noguchi made plans to return to Japan and marry Ethel Armes. At this point, the
Russo-Japanese War was in progress and Armes, now in
Birmingham, Alabama had taken over as Noguchi's editor amid a greatly increased demand for Noguchi's articles on Japanese topics.
Return to Japan Noguchi returned to Japan in August 1904, and became a professor of English at his alma mater
Keio University the following year, but his marriage plans were spoiled when it became known that Léonie Gilmour had given birth to Noguchi's son (the future sculptor
Isamu Noguchi) in Los Angeles. He moved to the
Koishikawa neighborhood of Tokyo in November 1905, and published an anthology of
prose poetry in English,
The Summer Cloud, shortly thereafter. From November 1906 to January 1908, Noguchi wrote a literary criticism column almost every week for the
Japan Times, among the more notable of which was the November 3, 1907 "Mr. Yeats and the No," advising
William Butler Yeats to study the
Noh drama. "He has been attempting to reform and strengthen the Western stage through his own little plays which are built on Irish legend or history; and so far, in his own way, he is successful. I feel happy to think that he would find his own ideal in our No performance, if he should see and study it." After studying
Ernest Fenollosa's Noh translations with
Ezra Pound, Yeats staged his first Noh-style play, ''
At the Hawk's Well'', in 1916, eliciting Noguchi's approval in another
Japan Times column. Noguchi also published the first volume of English
kyōgen translations,
Ten Kiogen in English in 1907, but few copies sold. He later produced numerous Noh translations and attempted to publish a volume of
Ten Noh Plays. In 1907, Léonie and Isamu joined Noguchi in Tokyo, but the reunion proved short-lived, mainly because Noguchi had already married a Japanese woman, Matsu Takeda, before their arrival. He and Léonie separated for good in 1910, although Léonie and Isamu continued to live in Japan. Noguchi continued to publish extensively in English after his return to Japan, becoming a leading interpreter of Japanese culture to Westerners, and of Western culture to the Japanese. His 1909 poem collection,
The Pilgrimage, was widely admired, as was a 1913 collection of essays,
Through the Torii.
Lectures abroad In 1913, he made his second trip to Britain (via
Marseille and Paris) to lecture on
Japanese poetry at
Magdalen College, Oxford at the invitation of
poet laureate,
Robert Bridges, also giving lectures to the
Japan Society of London and reading at the
Poetry Bookshop. While in London, he met with
George Bernard Shaw,
W. B. Yeats,
Ezra Pound,
Laurence Binyon,
Arthur Symons,
Sarojini Naidu, and numerous other noted literary figures, and also investigated the latest trends in British modern art, spending time with
Roger Fry,
Alvin Langdon Coburn,
Joseph Pennell,
Jacob Epstein and
Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. In April the following year, while in Paris, he also met with
Tōson Shimazaki who happened to be travelling in Europe at the time. Noguchi traveled back to Japan via
Berlin and Moscow using the
Trans-Siberian Railway. A collection of literary essays,
Through the Torii had appeared at the time of Noguchi's arrival in Britain, and while there, he arranged the publication of
The Spirit of Japanese Poetry,
The Spirit of Japanese Art and
The Story of Yone Noguchi. In 1919–20, Noguchi made a transcontinental lecture tour of America under the aegis of the James B. Pond Lyceum Bureau, speaking at
Stanford University, the
University of California at Berkeley, the
University of Chicago and the
University of Utah, and the
University of Toronto, among other places.
Japanese poet and art critic After the publication of a collection of short poems entitled
Japanese Hokkus in 1920, Noguchi devoted most of his English efforts to studies of
ukiyo-e and began a belated career as a Japanese language poet. Noguchi's success as a Japanese poet has been questioned by Japanese scholars; Norimasa Morita states that Noguchi "struggled to make a literary reputation for himself in Japan" and that "most of his Japanese poems received no critical or popular recognition". Other scholars including Madoka Hori point to evidence of Noguchi's success such as the May 1926
Noguchi Yonejiro special number of the magazine
Nippon Shijin (The Japanese Poet). Noguchi's extensive art-historical writings produced similarly divergent reactions. A book like
The Ukiyoye Primitives (1933) could delight poet and editor
Marianne Moore with its "renovated language of unimpaired connotation" while severely testing the patience of Harvard art historian
Benjamin Rowland, Jr., by its unfamiliar "manipulation of the language" that "frequently obscures the meaning of whole passages." Moore thought the book "useful to the judge of prints"; not Rowland, who complained that its aesthetic judgments "tend toward the sentimental and are for the most part so superficial as to be of practically no value." Even Rowland, though, had to commend what he thought "undoubtedly the finest reproductions in any work on Ukiyo-ye that has yet appeared in English." All of Noguchi's later books, in both Japanese and English, were published in Japan, for Noguchi encountered stiff resistance from American and British publishers in the 1930s, despite the support of a few sympathetic editors like Moore and
R. A. Scott-James.
The war years Noguchi's politics tended to follow prevailing Japanese tendencies. In the 1920s, following the leftist turn of
Taishō democracy, he published in leftist magazines like
Kaizō, but by the 1930s, he had followed the country's turn to the right. Partly as a result of his friendship with leading Indian intellectuals like
Rabindranath Tagore and
Sarojini Naidu, Noguchi was sent to
India in 1935–36 to help gain support for Japanese objectives in East Asia, but he had limited success. Noguchi and Tagore had a bitter exchange of letters in 1938 before their friendship ended over political and philosophical differences. During the
Second World War, Noguchi supported the Japanese cause, advocating a no-holds-barred assault on the Western countries he had once admired.
Postwar period In April 1945, his house in
Nakano, Tokyo was destroyed in the American
Bombing of Tokyo. After the war, he succeeded in reconciling with his estranged son Isamu before dying of
stomach cancer on July 13, 1947. ==Critical evaluations==