As a member of the House of Councillors in
Switzerland in 2011 Hayashi entered politics as a secretary to his father,
Yoshiro Hayashi, when he was appointed
Minister of Finance in the
Miyazawa Cabinet after the first reshuffle in December 1992. Hayashi was elected to the
House of Councillors for the first time in 1995. He represents the fourth generation of politicians in his family. He focused on administrative and tax reform in the early years of his political career. He joined the
Kōchikai faction in the
Liberal Democratic Party, which has traditionally held moderate conservative views, with an emphasis on economic prosperity, liberal values, and international cooperation, opposing the reliance on nationalism as an ideology. Both his father and former prime minister
Kiichi Miyazawa belonged to this faction. He was appointed Parliamentary Vice Minister of Finance () in October 1999, under Miyazawa, who was serving as Minister of Finance in the
Obuchi Cabinet. However, Fukuda resigned on 24 September 2008, and Hayashi was replaced by
Yasukazu Hamada. After his party became the main opposition party in the
2009 general election, he served as the Shadow Minister of Finance.
As Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries In the
Second Abe Cabinet, which was formed on 26 December 2012, Hayashi was appointed
Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. He remained in this role until 3 September 2014, when the
Third Abe Cabinet was formed. When his successor
Koya Nishikawa had to resign from his office following a scandal, Hayashi was asked to return to the ministry and served again as Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries from 23 February 2015 to 7 October 2015. With a shrinking domestic market, many of the agricultural policies under his leadership focused on making the industry more export-oriented. He promoted the 'FBI' strategy, which means promoting authentic cuisine
from Japan overseas, fostering food businesses
by Japanese companies overseas, and exporting foods made
in Japan. Food exports from Japan, which had remained stagnant at around 450 billion yen annually until 2012, increased to 745 billion yen by 2015.
As Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology He was appointed
Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology on 3 August 2017 in a reshuffle of the Third Abe Cabinet. He remained in this position in the
Fourth Abe Cabinet, which was formed in November the same year. He served until the Cabinet reshuffle in October 2018.
As a member of the House of Representatives Hayashi held a press conference on 15 July 2021 and announced his intention to stand as a candidate in the 2021 general election, which meant switching to the Lower House. He resigned from the House of Councillors on 16 August 2021. He faced opposition from the then-serving MP for Yamaguchi 3rd constituency,
Takeo Kawamura, who was initially expected to remain the official LDP candidate with the backing of his faction leader,
Toshihiro Nikai. On 29 September,
Fumio Kishida, who also belongs to the
Kōchikai faction and shares similar political views with Hayashi, won the
2021 LDP presidential election and became prime minister. Following this, the LDP’s Yamaguchi Local Committee asked to make Hayashi the official candidate, and after being persuaded by Akira Amari, who showed him secret survey results indicating Hayashi was more than twice as popular as Kawamura in the constituency, Kawamura decided not to stand in the election. As the official LDP candidate, Hayashi won 77% of the votes and became a member of the House of Representatives.
As Minister for Foreign Affairs in November 2022 In November 2021 he was appointed as the
Minister for Foreign Affairs in the
Second Kishida Cabinet. Hayashi was the first Japanese foreign minister to attend a
NATO foreign ministers meeting in Brussels in April 2022.
As Chief Cabinet Secretary Hayashi left cabinet in the September 2023 reshuffle and became subcommittee chairman of the LDP Tax Commission, but in December he returned to cabinet as
Chief Cabinet Secretary after the resignation of
Hirokazu Matsuno. On 3 September 2024, Hayashi announced his campaign for
LDP leadership. He lost and was eliminated in the first round voting with 8.84% of votes, ranking the fourth. New Prime Minister
Shigeru Ishiba retained Hayashi as Chief Cabinet Secretary in his cabinet.
As Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications On October 21, 2025, he was appointed
Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications in the
Takaichi Cabinet. ==Personal life==