Yuki people

Archaeologists, including Alfred Kroeber, have speculated that the Yuki have been resident in California for many thousands of years and once occupying a greater area than their historic homeland in Mendocino County. The Yuki language is an isolate, unrelated to other Native American languages, although distant relationships to other languages have been proposed by Joseph Greenberg and others. Scholars have also said that Yuki physical appearance is different than most other Native American peoples. They are described as short in stature and long-headed (Dolichocephalic), unusual among American Indians, but perhaps similar to the extinct Guaycura and Pericú of Baja California, also believed by archaeologists to be ancient residents of the Americas. In 1856, the US government established the Indian reservation of Nome Cult Farm (later to become Round Valley Indian Reservation) at Round Valley. It forced thousands of Yuki and other local tribes onto these lands, often without sufficient support for the transition. These events and tensions led to the Mendocino War (1859), where militias of white settlers killed hundreds of Yuki and took others by force to Nome Cult Farm. ==Language==

The Yuki language has been extinct since its last speaker, Arthur Anderson, died in 1983. It is distantly related to the Wappo language, the two languages making up the entirety of the Yukian language family. The Yuki people had a quaternary (4-based) counting system, based on counting the spaces between the fingers, rather than the fingers themselves. ==Population==

Scholarly estimates have varied substantially for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California, as historians and anthropologists have tried to evaluate early documentation. Alfred L. Kroeber estimated the 1770 population of the Yuki proper, Huchnom, and Coast Yuki as 2,000, 500, and 500, respectively, or 3,000 in all. Sherburne F. Cook initially raised this total slightly to 3,500. Subsequently, he proposed a higher estimate of 9,730 Yuki. According to the research of Benjamin Madley, "the Yuki suffered a cataclysmic population decline under United States rule. Between 1854 and 1864, settlement policies, murders, abductions, massacres, rape-induced venereal diseases, and willful neglect at Round Valley Reservation reduced them from perhaps 20,000 to several hundred." Intermarriage among neighboring tribes after their forced relocation to the Round Valley Reservation resulted in large numbers of Native Americans with mixed ancestry. Many of these people are descendants of many local tribes and have come to be called Round Valley Indian Tribes. In the 2010 census, 569 people claimed Yuki ancestry. 255 of them were full-blooded. ==Ethnobotany==

Yuki people use the large roots of Carex plants to make baskets. ==See also==