Origins Yvonne Vendroux came from a family of Calais industrialists with
Burgundian roots. The family name actually originated in
The Netherlands, changed from the Dutch Van Droeg when the family emigrated during the era of
William of Orange (
William III of England). William had decided to flood the fields during the 17th century to push back against the advance of troops from
King Louis XIV. Yvonne's ancestor then married a Calaisienne during
the French Revolution. Her father, Jacques, was the chairman of the board of directors of a biscuit company, and her mother, Marguerite (née Forest), came from a family in the
Ardennes, and became the fourth (some say sixth) woman in France to obtain a driving licence. She was the granddaughter of Alfred Corneau, an industrialist from Charleville-Mézières. The Vendroux family spent their summers in the chateau in Notre-Dame de Sept-Fontaines abbey, in the Ardennes. Her eldest brother, Jacques Vendroux, (born 1897) became deputy and mayor of Calais. Her younger brother, Jean (born 1901), married Madeleine Schallier (1907-2000), fathered seven children and died in an auto accident in 1956. Her sister Suzanne Vendroux (February 28, 1905, in Calais - 27 December 1980 in
Worthing, England) married Jean Rerolle (July 12, 1897, in
Châteauroux - 23 March 1978,
Neuilly-sur-Seine) on 5 March 1934 in
Fagnon. They had two children, Jacques-Henri (21 January 1935, 17th arrondissement, Paris) and Marguerite-Marie.
Education Yvonne's parents provided her with a strict education in keeping with their elevated social status and the customs of the era. She learned to read at home and studied with the
Dominican Order of
Asnières-sur-Seine (later moving to
Périgueux), and was encouraged, as many girls were at the time, to become proficient in needlework. The children were expected to
vousvoyer (i.e. use the formal "vous" with) their elders, and during
World War I went with their governesses to
Canterbury, England, not returning to their parents in France until the end of the year. They later settled in
Wissant, a seaside community in Calais on the
English Channel.
Marriage to Charles de Gaulle Yvonne met Charles de Gaulle in 1920, then a military captain returning from a mission in
Poland. The meeting was secretly arranged by the Vendroux family. Their first date was to the
Grand Palais during the fall exhibition to see the painting
The Woman in Blue by
Kees van Dongen. At a tea shortly after, Charles spilled his cup on young Yvonne's dress. Nonplussed, she laughed, and they continued courting. Charles invited Yvonne to a
Saint-Cyr military ball at the
Hotel des Réservoirs, in
Versailles, in support of the institution where he had studied from 1912 to 1918. Two days later, Yvonne declared to her parents, "It will be him, or no one." They were engaged on 11 November, before the end of Captain de Gaulle's leave, and married on 7 April 1921 in the church of Notre-Dame de Calais. De Gaulle played on Yvonne's family business when he expressed his joy on the occasion, writing to a friend, "I am marrying the biscuits of Vendroux." They honeymooned in
Northern Italy and went on to have three children, a boy and two girls: •
Philippe de Gaulle, (28 December 1921 - 13 March 2024) • Élisabeth de Gaulle, (later
Boissieu) (15 May 1924 - 2 April 2013) •
Anne de Gaulle (1 January 1928 - 6 February 1948) (died of
bronchial pneumonia) Anne de Gaulle was born with Down's syndrome, and unlike common practice of the time she was kept in the family her whole life, since she died aged only twenty years old.
The Boisserie In 1934, the family acquired the "Brasserie" property, renaming it "
la Boisserie," at
Colombey-les-Deux-Églises. The choice of area was made in reference to her husband's occupation as a military officer, as it was about midway between Paris, where the Ministry of Defence was situated, and the eastern part of the country, that bordered the then traditional enemy country of Germany. A passionate
horticulturist, Yvonne de Gaulle treated the garden as her domain. The high-walled surroundings were intended to protect their daughter Anne, who was afflicted with
Down syndrome, from the indiscretion of the public. When Anne died in 1948 the family founded The Anne de-Gaulle Foundation in her memory at the château de Vert-Cœur, at
Milon-la-Chapelle. Future French president
Georges Pompidou became its director, and would subsequently become a close friend of the de Gaulles.
The war years In June 1940, Yvonne evacuated herself and the children to Bretagne, where her husband briefly visited them, advising her to, if necessary, go south with the children. Despite this advice, she and the children took themselves to
Brest, and left on a Dutch ferry that took them to
Falmouth. This ferry turned out to be the last ship leaving the port before the advancing Germans took over the area. After arriving in Falmouth, the family rejoined her husband in London, where Philippe then joined the
Free French Naval Forces (FNFL). Yvonne and the two daughters stayed with her husband during the war years, moving as he moved with the headquarters of the Free French, later the provisional government.
Anne's death, and the "desert years" Following the liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944, Yvonne and her two daughters returned to France, first living in rented quarters while the Boisserie was repaired (because of a fire) and somewhat extended (the most visible sign being a tower where the General wanted his private office to be). Having returned to the Boisserie, the family was struck by the loss of their daughter, Anne, on 6 February 1948, aged twenty. Yvonne and Charles had previously created the "Fondation Anne de Gaulle", which was defined to arrange a home for young females who were mentally handicapped. It was recognised as an institution of public utility on 30 May 1945. Yvonne would continue to work with this foundation for the rest of her life. Apart from this, the time at the Boisserie passed peacefully for the couple until the events of May 1958 called Charles back to service for his country.
First Lady Yvonne de Gaulle became the
First Lady of France on 21 December 1958 when then Prime minister de Gaulle was elected
President of the French Republic. The couple took a
Citroën to the President's residence,
Elysée Palace. Her couturier was
Jacques Heim. She was tenacious, conservative, but could also be warm. During her husband's tenure as president from 1959 to 1969, Yvonne de Gaulle led an austere and measured life. On a typical day, she would enjoy three meals with her husband, reading
Le Figaro at breakfast, evening television sessions, and Sunday masses at the palace chapel. She epitomized tradition, moral values, and a deep sense of duty. Her Catholic faith influenced the conservative view of her husband on moral matters; after her arrival at the palace, one of the first things she asked was for a
pietà to be supplied to the residence; the
Musée du Louvre obliged by lending one. Later, when her husband invited actress
Brigitte Bardot to the palace, she threatened to refuse her on the grounds that she had been divorced. Uncharacteristically, she went on to intervene in favour of the authorization of
birth control pills at a time prior to the issuance of
Humanae Vitae by
Pope Paul VI. The couple welcomed
Dwight Eisenhower and the Kennedys during their tenure. In 1961, when the American presidential couple
John F. Kennedy and
Jackie Kennedy were invited by General de Gaulle, she took the initiative to forge links with the American
first lady by taking her to visit the childcare school located on Boulevard Brune in the
14th arrondissement. After the
assassination of President Kennedy two years later, Madame de Gaulle invited her to rest and avoid media scrutiny in Paris. The French family would have a brush with uncertainty on 22 August 1962. The de Gaulles were the target of an assassination attempt in
Clamart, organized by
French Air Force Lieutenant-Colonel
Jean Bastien-Thiry. As de Gaulle's black
Citroën DS sped through Petit-Clamart it was met by a barrage of submachine-gun fire. De Gaulle and his entourage, which included his wife, survived the attempt without any casualties or serious injuries while the attempt's perpetrators were subsequently all arrested and put on trial. Bastien-Thiry was convicted of leading the attempt in February 1963 at
Fort d'Ivry, becoming the last person to be executed by firing squad in France. De Gaulle managed to laugh off the incident without disrespecting police. He was deeply impressed with his wife's stoicism, however, reportedly saying, "You are brave, Yvonne." During the events of
May 68, Yvonne accompanied her husband during his displacement to
Baden-Baden. She opposed the "Communist" uprising and protests.
Retirement and death Upon Charles' resignation from the presidency in 1969, Yvonne accompanied him on a six-week retirement trip to Ireland, famous for the photos of the couple and the aide-de-camp, General
François Flohic, taken on the beach. Madame de Gaulle was widowed in 1970, but remained at the Boisserie until failing health induced her to enter a retirement home of the sisters of the Immaculate Conception in Paris in 1978. She died at the
Val-de-Grâce hospital in Paris at the same age her husband had been at the time of his death (although her husband had died on the calendar year of his 80th birthday), and on the eve of the ninth anniversary of his death, 9 November 1979. She was subsequently interred at Colombey-les-Deux-Églises alongside her husband and their daughter Anne. ==Tributes==