Zainichi Korean language

The majority of Zainichi Koreans use Japanese in their everyday speech, even among themselves. The Korean language is used only in a limited number of social contexts: towards first-generation immigrants, as well as in Chosŏn Hakkyo, (, or ; , "Korean School"), pro-Pyongyang ethnic schools supported by Chongryon. Since most Zainichi Koreans learn Korean as their second language, they tend to speak it with a heavy Japanese accent. This variety of speech is called Zainichi Korean language, a name which, even when used by Zainichi Koreans themselves, often carries a critical connotation. ==Phonology==

Vowels While Standard Korean distinguishes eight vowels, Zainichi Korean distinguishes only five, as in Japanese. : Initial consonants In syllable-initial position, standard Korean distinguishes among plain, aspirated, and tense consonants, such as , , and . Zainichi Korean, on the other hand, distinguishes only between unvoiced and voiced consonants ( and ), as in Japanese. : There are no geminates after nasal consonants. Thus , in Standard, becomes , not . As in the North Korean standard, initial or never change their values. in South Korea is in North Korea, or among Zainichi Koreans. Final consonants Seven consonants occur in the final position of Standard Korean syllables, namely , , , , , , and . In Zainichi Korean those sounds are treated differently. : ==Grammar==

Zainichi Korean grammar also shows influence from Japanese. Some particles are used differently from the Standard Korean. For instance, "to ride a car" is expressed as () in standard Korean, which can be interpreted as "car-(direct object) ride". In Zainichi Korean, the same idea is expressed as (; "car-into ride"), just like Japanese (). Standard Korean distinguishes (, referring to a continuous state) and (, referring to a continuous action). For instance, "to be sitting" is (), not ' (), as the latter would mean "being in the middle of the action of sitting, but has not completed the action yet". Zainichi Korean, however, does not distinguish these two, as Japanese does not either; it uses form for both continuous state and continuous action. ==Writing system==

Zainichi Korean is not typically written; standard Korean is used as the literary language. For example, a speaker who pronounces the word (; "however") as (), will still spell the word in the former form. In much the same way, Standard Korean speakers retain the grapheme difference between and , even though they may pronounce the two identically. ==See also==