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Ziba B. Oakes

Ziba Burrill Oakes was a broker of slaves and real estate in Charleston, South Carolina. Oakes is significant in the history of American slavery in part due to his construction of what he called a "shed" at 6 Chalmers Street. The shed still stands and is now Charleston's Old Slave Mart Museum. The site as a whole, once a much larger assemblage of buildings and pens, was generally known as Ryan's mart or Ryan's nigger-jail, and shut down in late 1864 or early 1865, supposedly "when owners Thomas Ryan and Z.B. Oakes went off to fight in the war." Come the end of the American Civil War, writer and abolitionist James Redpath took it upon himself to visit Charleston's negro mart and liberate the slavery-related business documents that remained therein. The 652 letters to Z.B. Oakes looted by Redpath were eventually turned over to abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and in 1891 became a part of the anti-slavery special collections at the Boston Public Library. The letters remain a significant primary source in the study of the 19th-century American slave trade.

Life and work
Early years Oakes was a Yankee by extraction, born in Sangerville, Maine to a colonial-era family with roots in Massachusetts and the District of Maine. According to a newspaper article published at the time of his death, Ziba Oakes arrived in Charleston when he was 10 years old and was "educated at the school of the late Bishop England. His first connection with business was as a clerk with his father, who kept a store at the corner of Church and Market streets, to which, in due course of time, Mr. Oakes, the subject of the sketch, succeeded as proprietor." Circa 1823, Samuel Oakes advertised the newly opened Milton's ferry from Fitzsimons' Wharf to Christchurch in Georgetown, as well as an accompanying ferry tavern. Around 1826, Samuel Oakes bought, from Mr. N. Very, a grocery that specialized in sugar, coffee, tea and chocolate. Circa 1827, when he about 20 years old, "Z.T. Oakes" applied for a license to "retail Spirituous Liquors" at the establishment of Samuel Oakes located at 117 Broad. On February 24, 1831, Ziba Oakes married Margaret Christie (1813–1886). In 1833 Samuel Oakes & Son advertised five cases of "satin beaver hats" newly arrived on the barque Chief, as "fashionable, waterproof, and warranted to retain their color...for sale, low." On October 1, 1834, father Samuel Oakes and son Z.B. Oakes dissolved their legal partnership. Also in 1834, Oakes was the manager of the election of officers for the Marion Riflemen, Second Battalion, 16th Regiment Infantry, South Carolina Militia, which was assigned to a beat along the Cooper River. Oakes sold a "mulatto slave named Richard" for $500 (~$ in ) in December 1835. Trading career On February 6, 1843, Oakes placed a notice in the Charleston Daily Courier formally announcing a new business enterprise opening on State Street: "The Subscriber respectfully informs his friends and the public that he has commenced the BROKERAGE AUCTION and COMMISSION BUSINESS at No 7 State-street. He will attend to the purchase and sale of Real Estate, Negroes, Stocks &c; and hopes by proper attention to business to merit a share of public patronage Liberal advances at all times made on property placed in his possession for sale. Z. B. Oakes." According to Michael Tadman, Oakes "specialised in selling slaves to long-distance traders...Ziba Oakes's trading arrangements relied essentially upon a quick turn-over of capital." In exchange for being able to rapidly assemble a shipping lot of enslaved people, Oakes' trading partners were apparently willing to pay a slight premium. from The Slave States of America (1842) by James Silk Buckingham In 1844, the father, Samuel Oakes, was implicated in a case of illegally importing four people across state lines into Georgia, which at that time prohibited interstate slave trading (the prohibition was repealed in 1856). In 1850 Z.B. Oakes shared a home with his mother, his wife (the former Margaret Garaux Christie), and their four daughters; his occupation was broker. Broker, rather than trader or slave trader, was the term commonly used in Charleston to describe slave traders. Like a dozen other Charleston slave traders, he initially had his offices on State Street. In December 1850, Z.B. Oakes, formerly of the Sugar Store, and now broker and auctioneer at 7 State street offered, "CONFECTIONER AT PRIVATE SALE A very intelligent FELLOW a complete Confectioner probably the best of his color in the State. Apply to Z. B. OAKES." Oakes was one of about 50 known slave traders operating in Charleston in the 1850s. According to Frederic Bancroft, Oakes was no more than a mid-level trader in the Charleston slavery economy. In 1856, along with fellow slave traders Louis D. DeSaussure and Alonzo J. White, he opposed a new South Carolina law requiring that slave sales take place indoors rather than on the streets. Their argument was that the law was "an impolitic admission that would give 'strength to the opponents of slavery' and 'create among some portions of the community a doubt as to the moral right of slavery itself.'" Still, he became a prominent citizen and as of 1855 he was "an officer in the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free Masons of South Carolina, serving on several committees, including the Charity Committee. In the same year, he was a Companion and the Grand Treasurer of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of South Carolina Masons." , London Illustrated News, 1856) A 2020 biography claimed that by 1860 Oakes "was the most prosperous of Charleston's approximately 40 slave traders." In 1860, on the eve of the American civil war, his occupation was again listed as broker, and he owned real estate valued at , and he had a personal estate valued at . In the 1861 Charleston city directory, Z.B. Oakes lived at 59 Beaufain, and his slave mart was located at 7 and 9 Chalmers. In May 1862, the Charleston Mercury apprised its readership of the current state of the local market in human beings: "SALE OF NEGROS—Mr. Z. B. Oakes, broker, at private sale, a gang of thirty negroes for $17,500, an average of $583.33." If Oakes took the standard 2.5 percent broker commission his share of the would have been . Oakes was listing slaves for sale as late as November 1864: "A GANG OF 75 NEGROES accustomed to the culture of Rice, Cotton and Provisions. Amongst them are a capable and Intelligent Driver and a good Carpenter. These Negroes have worked together as a gang for many years and are orderly and efficient." Oakes' last known advertisement for an enslaved person appeared in the Charleston Mercury of November 9, 1864: "A likely young man, a superior cook in all branches of the trade, apply as above." Oakes served in the Confederate States Army as a private in Company C of the 1st Regiment, South Carolina Militia (Charleston Reserves). Post-bellum and later life In February 1865, journalist Charles Carleton Coffin visited the mart: Tadman describes the letters to Ziba Oakes collected by activist and journalist James Redpath at the end of the war as being of "great importance" in the study of the final decade of the South Carolina slave trade. He was elected a supervisor of the high school in 1866. He was also a commissioner of the alms house, and a commissioner of markets, and was elected alderman from 1865 to 1868; "the notion that slave traders were looked down upon by the South's elite is contradicted by the prominent role Oakes played in Charleston society." == Death and legacy ==
Death and legacy
Ziba Oakes was an active member of his community who participated in a number of fraternal organizations. He died at the age of 63 years, 11 months, and is buried in Charleston's Magnolia Cemetery. His obituary made the front page of the newspaper. As part of what was the apparently common practice of scrubbing "clean the records of...leading South Carolina slave dealers," the newspaper that printer Oakes obituary reported that he "had made his money 'in the Commission and Auction business,' but it failed to mention that much of that business had involved buying and selling people, or that Oakes had once owned Ryan's Mart." This kind of intentional forgetting was typical and persisted into the 20th century: "Despite Wilson's insistence that [6 Chalmers] had been associated with the internal American slave trade, many locals disparaged her claim. Of course, rendering the domestic slave trade invisible was a central aspect of the postbellum white South's reconstruction of its history and its promotion of an apologist's view of slavery. Tourist literature from early-twentieth-century Charleston was complicit in this process as it repeatedly denied the existence of slave markets in the city. C. Irvine Walker's 1919 Guide to Charleston. S.C. downplayed the practice of slave sales, describing them as uncommon though "necessary from time to time." Tourists were told that, for the most part, slaves were 'passed by inheritance from father to son.' Walker frankly attributed claims that the property on Chalmers Street was the 'Old Slave Market, so-called,' to that 'same partisan history which stigmatizes the institution of slavery.' A headline in 1930 in the Charleston News and Courier articulated further the local position: 'Building at 6 Chalmers Street Has Become Subject of Legend in City.'...the News and Courier reporter erroneously argued that the site could not have been a slave mart because there was never 'sufficient buying and selling of slaves in the city to have warranted the establishment of any institution for the purpose.'" == See also ==
Source: Wikipedia ↗
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