Zizhi Tongjian

The principal text of the Zizhi Tongjian comprises a year-by-year narrative of the history of China over 294 scrolls, sweeping through many Chinese historical periods (Warring States, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin and the Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern and Northern dynasties, Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties), supplemented with two sections of 30 scrolls each—'tables' () and 'critical analysis' (). Sima Guang departed from the format used in traditional Chinese dynastic histories, consisting primarily of 'annals' () of rulers and 'biographies' () of officials. Instead, Sima shifted from a 'biographical style' () to a 'chronological style' (). Guang wrote in a memorandum to the Emperor: Since I was a child I have ranged through histories. It has appeared to me that in the annal-biography form the words are so diffuse and numerous that even an erudite scholar who reads them, again and again, cannot comprehend and sort them out. ... I have constantly wished to write a chronological history roughly in accordance with the form of the Tso-chuan (), starting with the Warring States and going down to the Five Dynasties, drawing on other books besides the Official Histories and taking in all that a ruler ought to know—matters which are related to the rise and fall of dynasties and connected with the joys and sorrows of the people, and of which the good can become a model and the evil a warning. Initially, Sima Guang hired Liu Shu () and Zhao Junxi as his main assistants, but Zhao was soon replaced by Liu Ban (), a Han history expert. In 1070 Emperor Shenzong approved Guang's request to add Fan Zuyu (), a Tang history expert. Because the Zizhi Tongjian is a distillation from 322 disparate sources, the selection, drafting, and editing processes used in creating the work as well as potential political biases of Sima Guang, in particular, have been the subject of academic debate. == Derivative and commented works ==

In the 12th century, Zhu Xi produced a reworked, condensed version of the Zizhi Tongjian, known as the Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu. This version was itself later translated into Manchu as , upon the request of the Qing Kangxi Emperor. This Manchu version was itself translated into French by Jesuit missionary Joseph-Anne-Marie de Moyriac de Mailla. His 12-volume translation ' (1777–1783) was published posthumously in Paris. The condensed Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu was also the main source for ', a political history of China from antiquity to 906, published in 1929 by the French Jesuit missionary Léon Wieger. The Zhonghua Book Company edition contains textual criticism made by Yuan dynasty historian Hu Sanxing. The philosopher Wang Fuzhi also wrote a commentary on Tongjian, titled Comments After Reading the Tongjian (). Historian Rafe de Crespigny has published annotated translations of chapters 44 to 69 in three successive works under the titles A Hundred Years of Han (2025), Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling (1989), and To Establish Peace (1996), altogether covering 57–220 AD, building upon the publication of Achilles Fang's 1952 annotated translation of the next ten chapters (70–79) covering up to 265 AD. There are also self-published translations into English of chapters 1–8, covering the years 403–207 BC and some additional sections pertaining to the Xiongnu people. == Contents ==

Ancient Books Library, Beijing. The book consisted of 294 chapters, of which the following number describe each respective dynastic era: • 5 chapters – Zhou (1046–256 BC) • 3 chapters – Qin (221–207 BC) • 60 chapters – Han (206 BC – 220 AD) • 10 chapters – Wei (220–265) • 40 chapters – Jin (266–420) • 16 chapters – Liu Song (420–479) • 10 chapters – Qi (479–502) • 22 chapters – Liang (502–557) • 10 chapters – Chen (557–589) • 8 chapters – Sui (589–618) • 81 chapters – Tang (618–907) • 6 chapters – Later Liang (907–923) • 8 chapters – Later Tang (923–936) • 6 chapters – Later Jin (936–947) • 4 chapters – Later Han (947–951) • 5 chapters – Later Zhou (951–960) == See also ==