By place Europe •
July 4 –
Battle of Cape Orlando: An Aragonese-Angevin fleet (some 60 galleys) led by Admiral
Roger of Lauria defeats a Sicilian fleet near
Sicily. During the battle, the larger Aragonese fleet is trapped on a
lee shore, but can exploit the situation with the intervention of its 6 reserve galleys. The Sicilians flee when the flagship, with King
Frederick III of Sicily on board, pulls back after he collapses from heat exhaustion. Lauria captures 18 Sicilian ships, and orders the massacre of their crews to avenge the death of his nephew at the hands of Frederick. •
July 31 –
Pisa and
Genoa agree to a thirty-year truce. Part of the treaty includes the end of the Pisan military support to Genoa's enemies in
Corsica. •
November 10 –
John I, count of
Holland, dies and is succeeded by his uncle
John II. He establishes a
personal union with the
County of Hainaut. •
December 1 –
Battle of Falconaria: Sicilian forces under King
Frederick II defeat
Philip I of Taranto. During the battle, Philip is taken prisoner.
British Isles •
September 8 –
Edward I of England ("Longshanks") marries the 19-year-old
Margaret of France, the half-sister of King
Philip IV ("the Fair"). •
William Wallace accompanied by a Scottish retinue goes abroad to
France on a diplomatic mission, evidently to canvas support for the kingship of
John Balliol. •
Southampton Old Bowling Green is established in
Southampton. It is the oldest surviving
bowling green.
Levant • December – Mongol forces (some 10,000 men) led by
Ghazan Khan cross the
Euphrates River and invade
Syria. They continue south, and successfully take
Aleppo. There, Ghazan is joined by forces from his vassal state of
Cilician Armenia. King
Hethum II leads the Armenian army (which includes
Templar and
Hospitaller knights). He participates during the Mongol offensive and regains all the Armenian territories which have previously been lost to the Mamluks. •
December 22–
23 –
Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar: Mongol forces under Ghazan Khan defeat a Mamluk army (some 30,000 men) north of
Homs. Sultan
Al-Nasir Muhammad flees with the remnants of his army to
Damascus. Ghazan splits his forces, one part sacks Damascus and besieges the
citadel. Another part pursues the retreating Mamluks as far as
Gaza, pushing them back to
Egypt.
Asia • Spring –
Mongol invasion of India:
Duwa Khan, Mongol ruler of the
Chagatai Khanate, sends his sons
Qutlugh Khwaja and
Duwa Temür with an army of some 50,000 horsemen over the border. The Mongols bypass villages to maximize speed, intending to strike directly at
Delhi itself. At the
Jumna River, Mongol forces under Qutlugh defeated
Zafar Khan, and are forced to retreat to Delhi. News of the defeat causes thousands to abandon their homes, the capital is soon flooded with refugees. The streets, the markets and the mosques become overcrowded. Meanwhile, the merchant caravans headed for Delhi are interrupted by the Mongols. •
February 25 – Sultan
Alauddin Khalji orders the army (some 35,000 men) to prepare for the march to
Gujarat. One part of the army under
Nusrat Khan starts its march from Delhi. Another part, led by
Ulugh Khan, marches from
Sindh and attacks
Jaisalmer along the way. When the army returns from raiding Gujarat, Mongol soldiers stage a mutiny over payment of
khums (one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny is crushed, the mutineer families in Delhi are punished and executed. • Mongol invasion of India:
Battle of Kili: Alauddin Khalji raises forces (some 70,000 men with 700 elephants) and attacks the Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja north of Delhi. Zafar Khan, looking to avenge his defeat on the River Jumna, leads the first charge, attacking the Mongol left flank, which breaks before him. Zafar gives chase to drive them from the field – but he is ambushed by a feigned retreat. He is captured and executed with all his men. Qutlugh is wounded in battle and dies during the return journey. •
May 10 – King
Kyawswa of Pagan and his son, Crown Prince
Theingapati, are executed at
Myinsaing, by the three brothers of the
Myinsaing Kingdom (nominally Kyawswa's viceroys), for submitting and being a vassal to the Mongol-led
Yuan dynasty (since
1297). •
July 27 –
Osman I (or Othman) declares the
Anatolian beylik (principality) to be independent of the Seljuk
Sultanate of Rum, originating the
Ottoman Empire. Osman becomes the founder and the first ruler, with
Söğüt as the capital, which will last until the
1920s. • The
Kingdom of Singapura is founded by
Sang Nila Utama, a Srivijaya prince. Upon his coronation, he adopts the official title
Sri Tri Buana (translated as "Lord of Three Worlds").
By topic Cities and towns •
April 1 –
Kingston upon Hull is granted city status in England by
royal charter of Edward I.
Literature • Approximate date –
Rustichello da Pisa completes taking down
The Travels of Marco Polo from Marco while they are both imprisoned in
Genoa.
Markets • King
Edward I of England is recorded as borrowing from Italian merchants. He obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks, from agents of the
Frescobaldi Firm in
London.
Religion •
June 27 –
Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull "Scimus, Fili" condemning Edward I of England's invasion and occupation of
Scotland.
Science and technology • The
spinning wheel is now in widespread use in
England for manufacturing woolen yarn. == Births ==