France river almost dry near
Nevers. that reads: "For information on Parisian victims of the heat wave, the city of Paris has established a toll-free number: ...". In France, 14,802 heat-related deaths (mostly among the elderly) occurred during the heat wave, according to the French National Institute of Health. France does not commonly have very hot summers, particularly in the northern areas, but eight consecutive days with temperatures of more than 40 °C were recorded in
Auxerre, Yonne in early August 2003. Because of the usually relatively mild summers, most people did not know how to react to very high temperatures (for instance, with respect to
rehydration). Most single-family homes and residential facilities were not equipped with central
air conditioning. While contingency plans were made for a variety of natural and man-made catastrophes, high temperatures had rarely been considered a major hazard. The catastrophe occurred in August, a month in which many people, including government ministers and physicians, are on holiday. Many bodies were not claimed for many weeks because relatives were on holiday. A refrigerated warehouse outside Paris was used by undertakers as they did not have enough space in their own facilities. On September 3, fifty-seven bodies were still left unidentified in the Parisian area, and were buried in graves provided by the state at the municipal cemetery in Thiais, a southern suburb of Paris. The high number of deaths can be explained by the conjunction of seemingly unrelated events. Most nights in France are cool, even in summer. As a consequence, houses (usually of stone, concrete, or brick construction) do not warm too much during the daytime and radiate minimal heat at night, and air conditioning is usually unnecessary. During the heat wave, temperatures remained at record highs even at night, breaking the usual cooling cycle. Elderly people living by themselves had never faced such extreme heat before and did not know how to react or were too mentally or physically impaired by the heat to make the necessary adaptations themselves. Elderly people with family support or those residing in nursing homes were more likely to have others who could make the adjustments for them. This led to unexpected survival rates with the weakest group having fewer deaths than the more physically fit; most of the heat victims came from the group of elderly not requiring constant medical care; often childless women who lived alone. That shortcomings of the nation's health system could allow such a death toll is a controversy in France. The administration of
President Jacques Chirac and Prime Minister
Jean-Pierre Raffarin laid the blame on families who had left their elderly behind without caring for them, the
35-hour workweek, which affected the amount of time doctors could work, and
family practitioners holidaying in August. Many companies traditionally closed in August, so people had no choice about when to holiday. Family doctors were still in the habit of holidaying at the same time. It is not clear that more physicians would have helped, as the main limitation was not the health system, but locating those which were needing of assistance. The
opposition, as well as many of the editorials of the French local press, blamed the administration. Many blamed Health Minister
Jean-François Mattei for failing to return from his holiday when the heat wave became serious, and his aides for blocking emergency measures in public hospitals (such as the recalling of physicians). A particularly vocal critic was Dr.
Patrick Pelloux, head of the union of emergency physicians, who blamed the Raffarin administration for ignoring warnings from health and emergency professionals and trying to minimize the crisis. Mattei lost his ministerial post in a cabinet reshuffle on 31 March 2004. Not everyone blamed the government. "The French family structure is more dislocated than elsewhere in Europe, and prevailing social attitudes hold that once older people are closed behind their apartment doors or in nursing homes, they are someone else's problem", said Stéphane Mantion, an official with the
French Red Cross. "These thousands of elderly victims didn't die from a heat wave as such, but from the isolation and insufficient assistance they lived with day in and out, and which almost any crisis situation could render fatal." Moreover, the French episode of heat wave in 2003 shows how heat wave dangers result from the intricate association of natural and social factors. Although research established that heat waves represent a major threat for public health, France had no policy in place. Until the 2003 event, heat waves were a strongly underestimated risk in the French context, which partly explains the high number of victims. Below are statistics for the month of August 2003 in France. The 2003 heatwave served as a wake-up call for many cities to take action on reducing climate risks in
urban areas. The following year, the country drew up the National Heat Wave Plan built on national forecasting and
alert systems. Despite hotter summers since, the death toll has been significantly lowered. In addition to a major effort to issue warning messages in time, the plan includes measures such as cooling rooms at senior centers, replacing tarmac at playgrounds with more heat
reflective materials, and mandatory
insulation in construction regulation. This reflects a growing awareness of the benefit of an integrated response to risks like heatwaves, compared to stand-alone technologies and projects and greater attention paid to
green and blue infrastructure in
city planning. Since 2012, French construction standards for new buildings and, to a lesser extent for existing buildings, have included requirements regarding comfort during heatwaves. In Paris, adding parks and
green spaces has been another key solution to heatwaves. Urban greening is most effective when green spaces are watered during a heatwave. Doing so increases the cooling effect from
evapotranspiration.
Portugal In Portugal, there were an estimated 1,953 excess deaths (data corrected, range 1,866 to 2,039); 43% higher than the expected number for that year. 1 August 2003 was the hottest day in centuries, with night temperatures well above . At dawn that same day, a freak storm developed in the southern region of the country. Over the next week, a hot, strong
sirocco wind contributed to the spread of extensive forest-fires. Five percent of Portugal's countryside and 10% of the forests (215,000 hectares This temperature record was later broken in July 2019.
Netherlands About 1,500 heat-related deaths occurred in the
Netherlands, again largely the elderly. The heat wave broke no records, although four tropical weather-designated days in mid-July, preceding the official wave, are not counted due to a cool day in between and the nature of the Netherlands specification/definition of a heat wave.
Spain Initially, 141 deaths were attributed to the heat wave in Spain. A further research of INE estimated a 12,963 excess of deaths during summer of 2003. •
Burgos, •
San Sebastián, •
Barcelona,
Italy The summer of 2003 was among the warmest in the preceding three centuries. The weather station of
Catenanuova, in
Sicily, had a monthly mean of in July 2003, with an absolute maximum of on 17 July, with monthly mean maximum temperatures of , and in June, July, and August, respectively. On some days, the increase in power consumption, paired with a 800MW reduction of the electricity imported from France, itself coping with the heat wave, compelled the Italian power companies to set up
rolling blackouts. Italy estimated that the number of heat wave related deaths was approximately 20,000.
Germany In Germany, shipping could not navigate the
Elbe or
Danube, as a result of low water levels. Low water levels at the Rhine led to a reduction of cargo capacity by 70% to 80%. The drought also led to a reduction in agricultural production. Coal Power Plants and Nuclear Power Plants had to reduce their electricity production because they could not discharge cooling water into the rivers because of their already high water temperature. Together with the limited output of hydroelectric power stations, this led to a rise in electricity prices. Summer 2003 had an average temperature of 19.6 °C, the warmest in the recorded history of Germany. On 9 August temperatures rose to 40.2 °C in Karlsruhe and again on 13 August in Karlsruhe and Freiburg. The number of heat related deaths was estimated to be 9500.
Switzerland Melting glaciers in the
Alps caused avalanches and flash floods in Switzerland. A new nationwide record temperature of was recorded in
Grono, Graubünden.
United Kingdom , September 2003 The United Kingdom experienced one of its hottest summers on record.
Atlantic cyclones brought cool and wet weather for a short while at the end of July and beginning of August before the temperatures started to increase substantially on 3 August. Several weather records were broken in the United Kingdom, including a new record for the country's highest ever recorded temperature of at
Faversham in
Kent on 10 August, which remained the highest recorded temperature in the UK until the
heatwave in July 2019. This was the first occasion on which temperatures exceeding had ever been officially recorded in the UK. According to the BBC, over 2,000 more people than usual may have died in the United Kingdom during the 2003 heatwave. The
tarmac melted on part of the
M25 between Junctions 26 and 27, and rails buckled from expansion on the hottest day in England in 13 years, while two teenaged boys drowned while trying to escape the excessive heat.
Ireland The summer of 2003 was warmer than
average in Ireland. The heat was far less pronounced there than in the rest of Europe. August was by far the warmest, sunniest, and driest month, with temperatures roughly 2 °C above average. The highest temperature recorded was at
Belderrig (
County Mayo) on 8 August. ==Agricultural impact==