One European aid charity,
Christian Aid, stated the three main outcomes they would be looking for: • agreement among
developed country governments on "how they would provide the $300bn in climate finance that they committed to at
COP29"; • all governments to "commit to stopping new investments in
fossil fuels" and to support a just mechanism allowing developed countries at national level to transition to low carbon economies in a socially just way; • more ambitious commitments from countries aiming to go beyond their existing commitments and to submit suitably ambitious future climate change plans. Specific conference issues for discussion and decision included:
Nationally determined contributions The updated
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), as outlined in the
Paris Agreement, were to be submitted by every country by February 2025. By April 2025, only 19 countries had submitted theirs. By September 2025, around 100 countries had submitted or unveiled new climate targets. After analyzing 64 new NDCs submitted between January and September 2025, along with the climate targets of other countries, the United Nations suggested that global emissions could fall by 10% by 2035 compared to 2019 levels. This projection assumed that the United States continued its
climate policy from the Biden administration. Even with this reduction, emissions would remain far below the 60% reduction needed to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. On 11 November, after receiving NDCs from 113 parties, the UN revised its estimate for emissions reductions by 2035 to 12%.
Super Pollutants The Climate and Clean Air Coalition launched the Super Pollutant Country Action Accelerator, a program designed to help governments reduce super pollutant emissions. The initiative aims to engage up to 30 countries by 2030 and to mobilize US$150 million. Seven countries—Brazil, Cambodia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Nigeria, and South Africa—were chosen for their strong climate policies and will receive an initial package of US$25 million to advance their efforts. The term
“super pollutants
” refers to atmospheric pollutants with a greater
global warming potential per tonne than
carbon dioxide and which are responsible for roughly half of current global warming. These include
methane (contributing about 30% of current warming),
carbon monoxide and
NMVOCs (together contributing about 10%),
fluorinated gases,
nitrous oxide, and
black carbon (each contributing around 5%). Some of these pollutants also cause
air pollution, and several have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes. Therefore, reducing their emissions can deliver rapid benefits for both the climate and air quality.
Baku to Belém Roadmap to 1.3T Parties at COP29 in Baku agreed for "all actors to work together to enable the scaling up of financing to developing country parties for climate action from all public and private sources to at least USD 1.3 trillion per year by 2035", as the "Baku to Belém Roadmap to 1.3T". Negotiations were expected on how international climate finance would be scaled from the $300 billion agreed in Baku to the $1.3 trillion.
Tropical Forest Forever Facility Brazil, the COP30 presidency, launched the
Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF) as a signature achievement in Belém. The US$125 billion blended-finance investment fund aims to finalise investments from sovereign funders by COP30 and begin payouts to reward forest conservation in tropical countries in 2026. Further details were expected after the SB 62 conference in Bonn in June 2025.
Climate Coalition and Brazilian President Lula da Silva Brazil proposed a
Climate Coalition to integrate carbon markets, including a
border carbon adjustment for non-members, similar to the
G7 climate club initiative. This was the country's main proposal for the 2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference. The plan aims to establish a global emissions cap starting at a level close to current emissions and then gradually reducing it until reaching net zero by 2050. For any activity that generates emissions, participants would be required to purchase allowances. As the cap declines, allowance prices would rise, creating an incentive for decarbonization. A border adjustment mechanism would also be implemented and jointly governed by all participants. Lower-income countries may pay reduced amounts or be exempt from some costs, and part of the revenue would be used to support their climate-related needs. The proposal was considered a potential major outcome of COP30. Rafael Dubeux, deputy executive secretary of Brazil's Ministry of Finance, stated: "All that is needed is a coalition strong enough to move forward. If it includes
Brazil, the
EU, and
China, it could encourage others to join. Another relevant player is
California, which—if it were a country—would rank as the world's fourth-largest economy." He added, “We expect to have a joint declaration from countries at COP30 to establish the coalition.” A report from
Harvard University and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology suggests the initiative could lead to: • Coalition members reducing emissions seven times faster than they do today. • Approximately USD 200 billion per year for clean-energy and social programs. • A moderate rise in prices in certain industries, with minimal losses for producers. To advance the proposal, the Open Coalition on Compliance Carbon Markets was established. Its members include
Brazil,
China,
the European Union, the
United Kingdom,
Canada,
Chile,
Germany,
Mexico,
Armenia,
Zambia,
France, and
Rwanda, and it remains open to new participants. By 15 November 18 countries had joined.
Gender Action Plan UN Women called for the adoption of a strengthened Gender Action Plan, emphasizing that women and girls are disproportionately affected by climate change while also serving as key actors in climate adaptation, resilience, and community leadership. The agency urged governments participating in COP30 to ensure that gender equality is integrated across climate decision-making, finance mechanisms, and implementation policies, highlighting women's leadership as essential for effective and inclusive climate action.
Global Initiative on Information Integrity on Climate Change Climate misinformation and information integrity were included on the COP agenda for the first time. At the opening of the conference, President Luiz Inácio
Lula de Silva called for action against climate change “deniers,” stating that “we live in a time when obscurantists reject scientific evidence and attack institutions. It is time to deal another defeat to denial,” and describing COP30 as the “COP of truth” in an era of “fake news and misinformation.” The Global Initiative for Climate Change Information Integrity presented the Declaration on Climate Change Information Integrity at the conference. Countries signing the declaration committed to addressing false and misleading information related to climate change. The declaration was initially signed by 12 nations:
Belgium,
Brazil,
Canada,
Chile,
Denmark,
Finland,
France,
Germany,
Netherlands,
Spain,
Sweden, and
Uruguay.
COP31 Australia and
Turkey both submitted bids to host
COP 31. Under a compromise deal, Australia agreed that Turkey will host next year's UN climate summit while Australia will lead the conference's negotiations among governments. == Final outcome ==