World War I Formed from excess Canadian soldiers in depots in France, the 7th Brigade was formed as part of the 3rd Canadian Division in late 1915. Its first major action came around
Mount Sorrell in June 1916, after which it fought in most of the battles that the Canadians took part in until the armistice in November 1918.
World War II Formed in late 1940, the 7th Brigade was assigned to the 3rd Division. Consisting of three infantry regiments, it embarked for the United Kingdom in August 1941, arriving in September. After this, the brigade spent three years undertaking garrison duties and training. Its first combat assignment would come on 6 June 1944, when it was assigned to assault on Juno Beach.
Juno Beach, D-Day Juno Beach was five miles wide and stretched on either side of
Courseulles-sur-Mer. The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division was the assault division, along with the
2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade under command to provide armoured support for the infantry assault brigades. The 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade, commanded by Brigadier
Harry Wickwire Foster, had been selected to take part in the initial assault. They would land on the left-hand side of the beach, supported by the
6th Armoured Regiment (1st Hussars). During the assault, the Regina Rifles would land at Courseulles which had the code name
Nan Green beach, and the Royal Winnipeg Rifles would land on the western edge of Courseulles, which had the code names
Mike Red beach and
Mike Green beach. In the first hour of the assault on Juno Beach, the Canadian forces suffered approximately 50% casualty rates, comparable to those suffered by the Americans at
Omaha Beach. Once the Canadians cleared the seawall (about an hour after leaving the landing craft transports) they started to advance quickly inland and had a much easier time subduing the German defences than the Americans at Omaha had. By noon, the entire 3rd Canadian Division was ashore and leading elements had pushed several kilometres inland to seize bridges over the
Seulles River. By 6 pm they had captured the town of
Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer. By the end of D-Day, the elements of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had penetrated farther into France than any other Allied force, though counter-attacks by two German armoured divisions would stop any further movement for several weeks. Of the first day, Graves writes:
None of the assault divisions, including 3rd Canadian Division, had managed to secure their D-Day objectives, which lay inland, although the Canadians came closer than any other Allied formation. By the end of the next day, the Canadian forces had linked up with the British forces that had landed at
Sword Beach.
Battle of Normandy On 8 June,
SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 26 under command of SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer
Wilhelm Mohnke arrived on the battlefield. Their orders were to drive over the Canadians and force a deep wedge between them and the British division to the west. The attack was launched at 03:30 but had little initial success. The various companies in the attacking
12th SS Panzer Division failed to co-ordinate their moves towards the Canadians, and, despite heavy casualties during repeated attempts by the infantry, Canadian artillery and supporting heavy machine guns of the
Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa took a heavy toll on each attacking company of SS troops. The Regina Rifle Regiment held its ground and the I Battalion fell back. On the Canadian right, the II Battalion attacked the Royal Winnipeg Rifles defending the village of
Putot-en-Bessin. The battalion managed to break into the village and surround several companies, effectively pushing the Winnipegs out of the village, inflicting 256 casualties – of which 175 were taken prisoner. A counter-attack launched at 20:30 by the Canadian Scottish Regiment, however, regained Putot-en-Bessin, and the II Battalion withdrew and dug in south of the village. Following the battle,
SS-Aufklärungs-Abteilung 12 deployed to the west of Mohnke's regiment and, by the evening of 8 June the division, while having failed in its assignment to drive the Canadians into the sea, had effectively halted the units of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, in the Allied advance on Caen. on the march in Normandy, July 1944. Spending much of the next four weeks in static positions, the division participated in the battles to capture Caen in early July, known as
Operation Charnwood, followed by
Operation Totalize and
Operation Tractable and the battles around
Verrières Ridge, during the rest of the month. The brigade then took part in the pursuit across France and cleared the Channel ports, most notably
Boulogne,
Calais and
Cape Gris Nez.
Battle of the Scheldt: Operation Switchback The second main operation of the
Battle of the Scheldt opened with fierce fighting to reduce the
Breskens pocket. Here, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division encountered tenacious German resistance as they fought to cross the
Leopold Canal. It was decided that the best place for an assault would be immediately east of where the two canals divided: a narrow strip of dry ground only a few hundred metres wide at its base beyond the Leopold Canal (described as a long triangle with its base on the Maldegem-Aardenburg road and its apex near the village of Moershoofd some five kilometres east). A two-pronged assault commenced. The 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade made the initial assault across the Leopold Canal, while the
9th Canadian Infantry Brigade mounted an amphibious attack from the northern or coastal side of the pocket. The assault began on October 6, supported by extensive artillery and Canadian-built Wasp
Universal Carriers, which were equipped with flamethrowers. The Wasps launched their barrage of flame across the Leopold Canal, allowing the 7th Brigade troops to scramble up over the steep banks and launch their assault boats. Two precarious, separate footholds were established, but the enemy recovered from the shock of the flamethrowers and counter-attacked, though they were unable to move the Canadians from their extremely vulnerable bridgeheads. By October 9, the gap between the bridgeheads was closed, and by early morning on October 12, a position had been gained across the
Aardenburg road. The 3rd Division fought additional actions to clear German troops from the towns of
Breskens,
Oostburg,
Zuidzande and
Cadzand, as well as the coastal fortress
Fort Frederik Hendrik. Operation Switchback ended on November 3 when the
First Canadian Army liberated the Belgian towns of
Knokke and
Zeebrugge, officially closing the Breskens Pocket and eliminating all German forces south of the Scheldt. After spending three months in static positions in the Nijmegen Salient, the division engaged in fierce combat once more in February. Fighting once again through flooded terrain, the brigade helped clear the last German positions west of the Rhine. The brigade then fought into Germany and was ordered to suspend operations on 4 May 1945.
Occupation duties and disbandment It was disbanded in November 1945, but duplicated and re-raised for occupation duties in Germany. These came to an end when the brigade was disbanded along with the rest of the 3rd Division in June 1946. ==See also==