The animal rights movement emerged in the 19th century, focused largely on opposition to
vivisection, and in the 1960s the modern movement sprang up in England around the
Hunt Saboteurs Association. In the 1970s, the Australian and American philosophers
Peter Singer and
Tom Regan began to provide the movement with its philosophical foundations. Singer argued for animal liberation on the basis of
utilitarianism, first in 1973 in
The New York Review of Books and later in his
Animal Liberation (1975), while Regan developed a
deontological theory of animal rights in several papers from 1975 onwards, followed by
The Case for Animal Rights (1983). A distinction persists within the movement—based on the utilitarian–deontological divide—between those who seek incremental reform, a position known as
animal protectionism, and those on the
abolitionist side, who argue that reform that aims to regulate, rather than abolish, the property status of animals is counterproductive. Historically speaking, it can be argued that the genesis of the
animal rights movement was in India given the impact that both
Buddhism and
Jainism had on people in India and the neighbouring countries in Asia. The country with the largest number and highest percentage of vegetarians is India. Buddhism among the global religions is an animal rights religion par excellence. It has long subscribed to the belief that all life forms including that of non-human animals are sacred and deserving of respect, and extolls kindness and compassion as utmost virtues worthy of cultivation. Buddhism unreservedly embraces all living beings in its ethical
cosmology without discrimination on grounds of species, race, or creed. Buddhist tenets—including the first precept, "Do not kill"—extend to both human and non-human sentient beings.
The Buddha was so adamant and protective of the more vulnerable members of the moral community—namely the animals—that, as recorded in
Dhammapada, he declared: "He who has laid aside the cudgel that injures any creature whether moving or still, who neither slays nor causes to be slain—him I call an Arya (Noble person)." The earliest reference to the idea of non-violence to animals (
pashu-ahimsa), apparently in a moral sense, is in the Kapisthala Katha Samhita of the
Yajurveda (KapS 31.11), a
Hindu text written about the 8th century BCE. Several Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist texts appearing in the following centuries, including the Tamil moral texts of the
Tirukkural and the
Naladiyar, emphasize on
ahimsa and
moral vegetarianism, which is equated to today's
veganism. ==List==