Aeolic Greek

Consonants Labiovelars Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek *kʷ changed to Aeolic p everywhere. By contrast, PIE changed to Attic/Ionic, Arcadocypriot, and Doric t before e and i. • PIE → Lesbian písures, Boeotian péttares ~ Attic téttares, Ionic tésseres, Doric tétores "four" Similarly PIE/PGk always became b and PIE > PGk always became ph (whereas in other dialects they became alternating b/d and ph/th before back/front vowels). Labiovelars were treated the same way in the P-Celtic languages and the Sabellic languages. Sonorant clusters A Proto-Greek consonant cluster with h (from Indo-European ) and a sonorant (r, l, n, m, w, y) changed to the double sonorant (rr, ll, nn, mm, ww, yy) in Lesbian and Thessalian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) by assimilation. In Attic/Ionic, Doric, and Boeotian Aeolic, the h assimilated to the vowel before the consonant cluster, causing the vowel to lengthen by compensatory lengthening. : PIE VsR or VRs → Attic/Ionic-Doric-Boeotian VVR. : PIE VsR or VRs → Lesbian-Thessalian VRR. • PIE → Proto-Greek *ehmi → Lesbian-Thessalian emmi ~ Attic/Ionic ēmi (= ) "I am" Loss of h Lesbian Aeolic lost initial h- (psilosis "stripping") from Proto-Indo-European *s- or *y-. By contrast, Ionic sometimes retains it, and Attic always retains it. • PIE → Proto-Greek *hāwélios → Lesbian āélios, Ionic ēélios ~ Attic hēlios "sun" Retention of w In Thessalian and Boeotian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) and Doric, the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek semi-vowel w (digamma) was retained at the beginning of a word. • PIE → Boeotian, Doric wépos ~ Attic-Ionic épos "word", "epic" (compare Latin vōx "voice") Vowels Long a In Aeolic and Doric, Proto-Greek long ā remains. By contrast, in Attic, long ā changes to long ē in most cases; in Ionic, it changes everywhere. • PIE → Aeolic, Doric mātēr ~ Attic/Ionic mētēr "mother" Compensatory lengthening Compensatory lengthening of a, e, o in Lesbian gives ai, ei, oi (in Attic, it would be ā, ei, ou) for example in the accusative plural of a and o stem nouns, or in many 3 Pl verb conjugations. Boeotian In Boeotian, the vowel-system was, in many cases, changed in a way reminiscent of the modern Greek pronunciation. • Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Modern Greek • Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Modern Greek • Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Mediaeval Greek and Old Athenaean ~ Modern Greek Accent In Lesbian Aeolic, the accent of all words is recessive (barytonesis), as is typical only in the verbs of other dialects. • Attic/Ionic potamós ~ Lesbian pótamos "river" ==Morphology==

Contracted or vowel-stem verbs that are thematic in Attic/Ionic are often athematic (-mi) in Aeolic. • Ionic philéō, Attic philô ~ Aeolic phílēmi "I love" Aeolic athematic infinitive active ends in -men or (Lesbian) -menai. ~ Attic/Ionic has -enai. • Lesbian émmen, émmenai; Thessalian, Boeotian eîmen ~ Attic/Ionic eînai (spurious diphthong) "to be" In the Lesbian dialect this ending also extends to the thematic conjugation, where Attic/Ionic has -ein. All three of these Aeolic endings occur in Homer. • Homeric agémen Proto-Greek -ans and -ons → -ais and -ois (first- and second declension accusative plural) ~ Attic/Ionic -ās and -ōs (-ους). Dative plural -aisi and -oisi ~ Attic/Ionic -ais and -ois. The participle has -ois and -ais for Attic -ōs (-ους), -ās. ==Glossary==

Below is a list of several words in the Aeolian dialect, written in the Greek alphabet, along with a transcription in the Latin alphabet. Each word is followed by its meaning and compared to similar words in other ancient Greek dialects. The "notes" section provides additional information, and if applicable, an etymology is given. Aeolian • '''' ágōnos'' "struggle" (Attic agōn; Elean dat. pl. agōnois for agōsi) • ''' ' gifts sent by kin to Lesbian brides (Sappho fr.) (compare Homeric hedna, eedna) • '''' Aiolíōnes "Aeolians" (Attic Aioleîs) ('' "speak Aeolic, compose in the Aeolian mode, trick out with false words" Sophocles Fr.912 ) (aioleō vary, adorn, diversify (aiolos quick-moving, glittering, shifty) • '''' aklades'' (unpruned vineyards) (Attic akladeutoi ampeloi) • '''' akontion (part of troops) (Attic spear) (Macedonian rhachis'', spine or backbone, anything ridged like the backbone) • '''' -τος amenēs'' -tos (Attic ὑμήν humēn) thin skin, membrane. • '''' amōnes'' (Attic ἀνεμώνες anemones • '''' aoros'' (Attic ἄϋπνος aypnos, without sleep) Μηθυμναῖοι • '''' arpys (Attic ἔρως Eros, Love) attested in Crinagoras, ἁρπάζειν harpazein to snatch. Homeric harpaleos'' attractive, devouring • '''' asphe'' to them (Attic sphe, sphi) • '''' bakchoa (Attic βόθρος bothros'' sacred dungeon, pit) • '''' balla'' threshold (Attic bēlos) (Doric balos) • '''' blēr'' incitement (Attic delear) • '''' bradanizō'' brandish, shake off. (Cf.Elean bratana Common rhatane) • '''' braidion'' (Attic ῥᾴδιον rhaidion easy) • '''' brakein'' to understand (dysbrakanon imprehensible) • '''' brodopachus'' with pink, rosy forearms (Attic rhodopechys) ( brodopachun Sappho) and brododaktulos with rosy fingers • '''' brocheos'' or βρουκέων broukeon (Attic βραχύ brachy short) (Sapph.fr. 2,7) • '''' drasein'' (Attic θύειν to sacrifice) • '''' eide'' (Attic ὕλη, forest) (εἴδη Ionian also) • '''' zadelon'' with holes in it, open (Attic diadelon obvious) (Alcaeus 30 D 148P) • '''' imbēris'' eel (Attic enchelys) Μηθυμναῖοι • '''' Issa'' old name of Lesbos Island Cf. Antissa • '''' issasthai'' (Attic klerousthai to take sth by lot) • '''' kankulē (Attic kēkis'' wet, vapour, mordant dyeing) • '''' kammarpsis'' dry Measure (Attic hemimedimnon, one half of a medimnos) • '''' karabides'' (Attic graes) Μηθυμναῖοι • '''' kaualeon Hsch (Attic aithos'' fire, burning heat) (Cf.kaiō burn) • '''' Mesostrophonia'' Lesbian festival • '''' molsos'' (Attic , fat) • '''' ximbra'' (Attic ῥοιά rhoia pomegranate-tree) (Boeotian sida) • '''' othmata (Attic ommata'' eyes) • '''' ón'' óna (Attic aná) upon, through, again (Arcadocypriot also) • '''' passyrion (Attic passydia'' 'totally, all together, with the whole army') • '''' pedameivō'' (Attic metameivo exchange) (πεδέχω pedecho μετέχω metecho), pedoikos metoikos peda for meta • '''' Perrhamos'' Priamus (Alcaeus 74D, 111P (it means also king) • '''' saōmi'' save (Attic sōizō ) (Homeric saoō) • '''' siglai ear-rings (Attic enōtia, Laconian exōbadia'') • '''' skiphos'' Attic xiphos sword (skiptō, given as etym. of skiphos and xiphos, Sch.Il.1.220; cf. skipei: nussei, it pricks, pierces) • '''' spóla''(Attic stolē) equipment, garment (spaleis, the sent one, for staleis) • '''' syrx'' (Attic σάρξ flesh) (dative plural σύρκεσιν syrkesi Attic σαρξίν sarxin) • '''' tenekounti (Attic enoikounti'' dative singular of enoikōn inhabiting) • '''' tragais'' you break, grow rough and hoarse and smell like a goat • '''' tude'' tudai and tuide here) (Ionic tēde) • '''' phauophoros priestess (Attic hiereia) (light-keeper) (Aeolic phauō for Homeric phaō shine) (Homeric phaos light, Attic phōs and phōtophoros'') Boeotian • '''' amillakas'' wine Theban (Attic oinos) • '''' anōdorkas'' a fish [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320968 ] • '''' baidumēn (Attic arotrian'' to plough) • '''' bana ('' balara) woman (Attic gunē); ', banēkes ''' battikes women ( Attic gunaikes ) • '''' bastrax'' or bastax (Attic τράχηλος trachēlos neck) pl. bastraches • '''' bleerei'' (Attic οἰκτείρει he feels pity) Cf. eleairei • '''' empyria'' divination (Attic manteia) (Hsch. public oath, Koine ordeal by fire) • '''' zekeltides'' gourds Amerias zakeltides (Phrygian zelkia vegetables) • '''' idephin'' sweet-voiced. Hsch.: (Attic hēduphōnon) ( Aeolic wad-, ad- ) • '''' istake'' scythe (Attic drepanon) • '''' iugodromein'' (Attic , ekboēthein, and boēdromein, run to help) ()(Iungios Thessalian month) • '''' iō'' and hiōn (Attic egō, I) (hiōnga iōga for egōge) • '''' Karaios'' Boeotian epithet for Zeus meaning tall, head. Boeotian eponym Karaidas • '''' kriddemen'' (Attic gelan to laugh) (Strattis fr. 47) Cf. (Cf.Attic krizō creak, screech) • '''' korilla little girl (Koine korasion from Attic korasis girl) (Aetolian korudion'') • '''' mēlatas (Attic poimen shepherd) (homeric mēlon sheep) (Attic mēlon apple, Aeolic-Doric malon'') • '''' mnarion (Attic kallyntron'' broom, brush) • '''' opisthotila'' (Attic sēpia cuttlefish) (Strattis. fr. 47,3) (squirts its liquor from behind) • '''' opittomai (homeric opizomai I care, respect) (Laconian opiddomai'') • '''' ophrygnai (Attic ophryazei'' he winks raising the eyebrow, is haughty) • '''' seia I persecuted (Attic edioxa'') (Cf.Homeric seuō move quickly, chase) • '''' syoboiōtoi'' Hog-Boeotians (Cratinus.310) • '''' tripeza (Attic trapeza, table)(from tetrapeza four-footed) (tripeza three-footed) (in Aeolic it would-be tripesda'') • '''' psōsmata'' Boeotian word Thessalian • '''' abremēs'' (Attic ablepēs unworthy seeing, despicable (Cypriotic also) (Hes. text • '''' agora'' (Attic limen port, harbour) (Hes. text • '''' alphinia'' white poplar (PIE 'white') (Attic leukē, PIE 'bright, light') (Macedonian aliza) • '''' aspaleia'' safeness (Attic asphaleia) • '''' astralos'' (Attic ψάρ -ος psar Starling) • '''' bebukousthai'' to be swollen (Homeric buktaon blowing) • '''' bousia'' (Attic γογγυλίδι gongylidi turnip) • '''' daratos Thessalian bread (Macedonian dramis) (Athamanian dramix'') (PIE 'cut, split') • '''' enormos'' (agora, assembly, market and chōra) (Attic enormeō get in a harbour, hormos bay, anchorage • '''' ereas'' children (Hsch.Attic tekna) (Homeric ernos young sprout, scion) (Neo-Phrygian eiroi children) • '''' theanoustai'' (Attic xysters) • '''' itheiē'' (Attic hamaxitos chariot-road) (Homeric Ψ 580) (Attic ithys, eytheia straight line) • '''' impsas'' past participle of impto (Attic ζεύξας zeuxas zeugnymi join) (Ἴμψιος Impsios Ποσειδῶν ὁ ζύγιος Poseidon Zygius on horses) • '''' kalaphos'' (Attic ἀσκάλαφος, Ascalaphus a bird (Magnesian) • '''' kapanē'' chariot (Attic apēnē) also, a helmet(kapanikos plenteous • '''' karpaia'' Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also Carpaea) Homeric karpalimos swift (for foot) eager, ravenous. • '''' nealeis'' new-comers, newly caught ones (Cf. nealeis, neēludes) • '''' nebeuō pray (Macedonian neuō) (Attic euchomai, neuō'' 'wink') • '''' onala, '' onalouma (Attic analōma expense cost) (on- in the place of Attic prefix ana-, ongrapsantas'' SEG 27:202 • '''' Petthalia'' 'Thessalia'; Petthaloi 'Thessalians'; Koine thessalisti 'the Thessalian way'. Cf. Attic '''' entethettalizomai become a Thessalian, i.e. wear the large Thessalian cloak (Thettalika ptera feathers''), Eupolis.201.) • '''' tageuō'' to be tagos archon in Thessaly ==See also==