Western Sydney International Airport

Operating since 1919, Sydney Airport is one of the world's oldest airports. Located only from the city centre, the airport site is now hemmed in on three sides by urban growth and on the fourth side by Botany Bay. The aforementioned reasons mean that expansion of Sydney Airport is highly difficult, as to expand the field, large areas of land need to be reclaimed from the sea or gathered through land expropriation and suburb demolitions, both of which are extremely costly solutions. There have thus been various proposals to build a second airport for Sydney since the 1960s. The federal government announced in February 1986 that Badgerys Creek had been chosen as the location for a second major airport for Sydney. The federal government then undertook a series of land acquisitions for the site, primarily during the period 1986 to 1991, and spent approximately 170 million. The runway, which was built on reclaimed land, was opened in 1994. Despite the expansion, concerns remained that Sydney Airport would run out of capacity by 2030, especially since the introduction of strict night flying restrictions in 1995. Planning for a second airport thus began again in earnest in 2008. A 3,200-page joint Federal/NSW study released in 2012 concluded that Badgerys Creek was "clearly the best site for a much-needed second airport for Sydney" and recommended that planning should start. On 15 April 2014, the federal government announced that Badgerys Creek would be the site of the Second Sydney Airport. On 4 March 2019, the federal government announced that the airport would be named Nancy Bird Walton International Airport in honour of the Australian aviator Nancy Bird Walton. New South Wales premier Gladys Berejiklian stated that the naming is an "absolutely inspiring choice" as the name for the new airport. Prime minister Scott Morrison stated that "we now recognise Australia's greatest female aviation pioneer" in the naming of the airport, and members of Walton's family stated that they were "extremely excited and thrilled, and it's just a huge honour" for their mother and grandmother. On 10 December 2020, a light aircraft made an emergency landing on earthworks at the construction site, which was the airport's first arrival. The first official arrival at the airport took place on 2 October 2024, being a Piper PA-30 Twin Comanche registered as VH-8MN. == Geography ==

The airport is situated west of the Sydney CBD and west of Sydney Airport. The site lies south of the City of Penrith CBD and approximately north of the City of Campbelltown CBD. The Township of Luddenham is located adjacent to the airport, from the runway. The airport stands within of the World Heritage-listed Blue Mountains National Park, sparking serious concerns about declared wilderness, wild rivers, amenities, World Heritage status, and the City of Blue Mountains economy. == Legislation ==

The enables the development and use of an airport, known as Sydney West Airport. The Airport Plan released by the Commonwealth Government in December 2016 notes that the airport is referred to in the Act as Sydney West Airport is commonly known as Western Sydney Airport, and is officially known as Western Sydney International (Nancy Bird Walton) Airport; named in honour of Nancy Bird Walton, the youngest Australian woman to gain a pilot's licence. == Economy ==

The Federal Government claimed the initial construction phase is expected to generate around 4,000 jobs, and the airport development is expected to create 35,000 jobs by 2035, increasing to 60,000 jobs over time. However, such claims were contradicted by the 2017 labour market analysis commissioned by the Government. The analysis states that the airport is predicted to directly support 3,231 jobs during construction over eight years, 13,169 from the airport combined with a business park during the first five years of operation, and 24,046 from the combined airport and business park over the following ten years. == Flight paths ==

On 19 October 2015, the draft environmental impact statement (EIS) was released by the Turnbull government. The draft EIS showed incoming flights merging approximately over the Blue Mountains town of Blaxland which already lies at an altitude of . Unlike Sydney airport, no 'flight sharing' was proposed to reduce noise impacts on individual suburbs. Instead, flight paths followed a single loop turning either southwest or continuing southeast after the Blaxland merge point, then either northeast or southwest towards Badgerys Creek. The height started at above ground level over Blaxland, with the southwest path descending over the World Heritage-listed national park, declared wilderness, declared wild rivers, and Warragamba Dam, until reaching , over the township of and descending towards the airport over , , and before landing. The southeast path descended over , , , , and , reaching over then over the Twin Creeks and Sydney 'Science' Park housing estates before landing. Assessment of noise impacts was based solely on these flight paths. and the Coalition government announced a scrapping of the Blaxland merge point. The final EIS, released on 15 September 2016, revealed that the flight paths, although remaining the same, were marked as 'indicative only'. A consistent message portrayed to the public since then is that the flight paths are unknown, will not be released, noise impacts will not be assessed, nor community consultation undertaken until after construction of the airport. Markus lost her seat at that election, with a swing against her of 9.2 percent, the first time that Macquarie had not been a 'bellwether' seat. In June 2023, the proposed flight paths were released with an interactive online map displaying the predicted noise impacts. Noise insulation grants will be available for some residents. == Construction ==

The airport is being built in phases, with the initial construction phase building a smaller airport with a single runway. The cost of the initial development was estimated at 2.4 billion (as of 2012) and would generate 4,000 jobs. The government planned that the initial phase would be complete and operational by 2025, though this was later delayed to 2026. Sydney Airport Corporation, the operator of Sydney Airport, was given the right of first refusal to build and operate any second airport in an agreement reached with the government when Sydney Airport was sold in 2002. Sydney Airport declined the offer to build and operate the airport on 2 May 2017. Construction of Stage 1 include: • a single runway (05/23, to be 05L/23R in the future) • terminal aprons, taxiways, and other appropriate aviation facilities • a terminal with a floor area of up to • car-parking facilities for around 11,500 cars, and • on-site roads and utilities File:WSI terminal under construction 10-2024.jpg|The main terminal building nearing completion in October 2024 File:WSI airport runway 2025.jpg|The completed runway, January 2025 File:WSI airport from South 2025.jpg|Terminal, runway and surrounding apron in January 2025 File:WSI airport 2025.jpg|Terminal runway and surrounding apron in January 2025 Timeline Development milestones Construction timeline ==Future expansions==

Stage 1, opening in 2026, is expected to be able to handle a capacity of up to 10 million annual passengers. Demand for the airport is expected to reach 37 million annual passengers by 2050, which would then require a second parallel runway. The airport is then expected to reach its ultimate capacity of 82 million annual passengers by 2063. • Expansion of the terminal building or additional terminals • Second parallel runway (05R/23L) at the southern side of the airport precinct, to be located approximately from the first runway (05L/23R) == Airlines and destinations ==

Qantas and its subsidiary Jetstar became the first airlines to reach a commercial agreement with WSA Co on 8 June 2023. Qantas and Jetstar aircraft would be based there within a year of opening, with projected destinations to include Melbourne, Brisbane and Gold Coast. On 26 August 2024, Singapore Airlines became the first international airline to announce plans to serve the airport, with nonstop flights to/from Changi Airport. On 24 March 2026, Singapore Airlines confirmed a daily service using Airbus A350-900 aircraft, with an inaugural flight scheduled for 23 November 2026, taking advantage of the airport's curfew-free operations to offer a late-night departure from Sydney. Passenger Cargo On 1 October 2024, Qantas announced that its cargo subsidiary, Qantas Freight, would utilise the new 24-hour cargo precinct being constructed on the southern side of the airport. The Sydney Airport Curfew Act 1995 specifies that the exemption that allows BAe-146 freight aircraft to operate at Sydney Airport during its curfew period will cease when Western Sydney Airport is able to be used for night aircraft movements. == Ground transport ==

Road near the Western Sydney Airport under construction With the designation of the site as the location of Sydney's second airport, announcements were made on new and upgraded transport links to the airport and the surrounding areas of western Sydney. Known as the Western Sydney Infrastructure Plan, it included: • A new M12 east-west motorway to the airport, around the current alignment of Elizabeth Drive between the M7 Westlink Motorway and The Northern Road • Upgrading of The Northern Road (A9) to a minimum of four lanes from Narellan to the M4 Western Motorway • Upgrading of Bringelly Road to a minimum of four lanes between The Northern Road and Camden Valley Way All projects of the Western Sydney Infrastructure Plan were completed prior to the airport opening, with the M12 motorway opening on 14 March 2026. Public transport Rail In 2018, the federal and state governments announced the development of stage 1 of the North South Rail Link, now referred to as Sydney Metro Western Sydney Airport, as part of the Western Sydney City Deal. The rail project involves the construction of a line as part of the Sydney Metro system. The line will operate between St Marys station, including a new interchange with the Main Western railway line, and Bradfield station. Services will stop at the Airport Terminal and Airport Business Park stations within the airport precinct. Construction of the line commenced in December 2022 and was expected to be complete in late 2026, in time for the opening of the airport. However, it has been reported that operations may not commence until 2027. The state government later announced that between the airport opening and metro opening, services would be provided by a free interim bus service between the airport and St Marys. Bus New express bus routes to the airport precinct were announced in March 2018, running from Penrith, Liverpool and Campbelltown. • 772: Mount Druitt to WSI via St Clair • 790: Penrith to WSI via Kingswood • 825: Liverpool to WSI via Bonnyrigg • 845: Campbelltown to WSI via Oran Park and Bradfield • 860: Liverpool to WSI via Leppington and Bradfield In March 2026, it was announced that the bus services would begin on 5 July 2026. The free interim bus service between St Marys and the airport that would run until the metro line opening in 2027 will be a separate service to the five bus routes. == Criticism ==

The location of the airport has been criticised over the lack of public transport options and the distance to the Sydney CBD with some comparisons to the former Montréal–Mirabel International Airport in Montreal, Canada. It is projected by WSA Co according to the 2025–2045 Preliminary Draft Master Plan, that the majority of passengers are projected to travel to and from the airport using private vehicles. Western Sydney Airport has also been criticised for the lack of confirmed agreements with airlines pre-opening and lack of facilities around the airport and at the projected Bradfield City Centre. == Controversy ==

Leppington Triangle corruption investigation On 31 July 2018, the Commonwealth Government purchased a triangular parcel of land in , adjacent to the site of the airport. The 29.8 million land purchase was for a portion of a second runway, expected to be needed after 2050. Eleven months after the purchase, the parcel of land was valued at just $3.1 million, triggering an investigation by the Australian National Audit Office (ANAO). For the purposes of realigning The Northern Road, the NSW Government acquired an adjacent portion of the Leppington Triangle for 149,000; a land value 22 times less per hectare than that paid by the Commonwealth Government for its portion. The ANAO found serious shortcomings in the Commonwealth's acquisition processes, including that: • the government did not exercise appropriate due diligence in its acquisition and fell short of ethical standards • an appropriate acquisition strategy was not developed • the approach taken to valuing the land was inappropriate • decision-makers were not appropriately advised on the land acquisition • the incomplete advice provided to decision-makers and the inadequate response when questions were raised by the ANAO were inconsistent with effective and ethical stewardship of public resources. Subsequent to this, the Australian Federal Police announced that they were investigating potential corruption related to the land deal. The investigation closed in 2021 with no evidence of criminal conduct being found. == See also ==