Albemarle Corporation

In February 1994, Ethyl Corporation completed the corporate spin-off of its chemical businesses to form Albemarle Corporation. Albemarle was headquartered in Richmond, Virginia, until 2008 when it announced plans to move its corporate headquarters to Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In July 1994, the company acquired the Asano Corporation, a sales and marketing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. In January 2000, the company acquired Ferro Corporation's PYRO-CHEK flame retardant business. In June 2000, the company formed a joint venture with Jinhai Chemical and Industry Company, based in China. In August 2000, the company launched PolymerAdditives.com, a business-to-business internet joint venture with Cytec Industries and General Electric to provide materials faster and more efficiently directly from trusted suppliers. In 2001, it acquired Martinswerk GmbH, which it sold in 2016. It also acquired the custom and fine chemicals businesses of ChemFirst Inc. for $74 million. In 2003, it acquired the fuel and lubricant antioxidants business of Ethyl Corporation. It also acquired the phosphorus-based polyurethane flame retardants businesses of Rhodia. It also acquired the bromine fine chemicals business of Atofina S.A. In January 2004, the company acquired Asian flame retardants distributor Taerim International based in Seoul, South Korea. In July 2004, Albemarle acquired the refinery catalysts platform from AkzoNobel, with sites and/or joint ventures in the Netherlands, Houston, France, Brazil, Japan and Singapore, for €615.7 million. In 2006, in partnership with UOP, a subsidiary of Honeywell, Albemarle created the Hydroprocessing Alliance to deliver integrated refinery solutions and hydroprocessing technologies and catalysts to the refining industry. The partnership was ended in 2016. In May 2007, Albemarle opened a regional sales office in Dubai to meet growing market needs in India and the Middle East. In 2008, Albemarle and Sinobrom, a marketer of bromine derivatives in China, formed Sinobrom Albemarle Bromine Chemicals (Shandong) Company Ltd., a bromine-related joint venture. whose technology controls mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants, for $22.5 million. In 2009, Albemarle and TAYF, an affiliate of SABIC, created a catalysts joint venture to build a world-scale organometallics production facility in Jubail. In January 2012, Albemarle expanded its production capabilities for finished polyolefin catalysts in Baton Rouge. Albemarle also expanded its South Haven API production site and upgraded its multi-product cGMP active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing facility. In September 2012, Albemarle was one of the three chemical companies that backed the Citizens for Fire Safety industry group that lobbied for use of flame retardant in consumer products including furniture and baby products. In 2014, Albemarle completed the sale of its antioxidant, ibuprofen and propofol businesses to SI Group. In January 2015, Albemarle acquired Rockwood Holdings for $6.2 billion in stock. Albemarle then announced it would realign its global business units: Chemetall Surface Treatment, Refining Solutions and Performance Chemicals. In August 2015, the company announced the relocation of its headquarters from Baton Rouge, Louisiana to Charlotte, North Carolina. In October 2015, Albemarle announced the separation of the bromine and lithium businesses, previously together under Performance Chemicals. In December 2016, the company sold the Chemetall Surface Treatment business to BASF for $3.2 billion. In January 2017, the company acquired the Jiangli New Materials Science and Technology Co. lithium business for $145 million. In October 2019, the company formed a lithium joint venture with Mineral Resources. In June, 2021, Albermarle completed the sale of its Fine Chemistry Services (FCS) business to W. R. Grace & Co. for approximately $570 million. This sale included Albemarle's operations in Tyrone, Pennsylvania and South Haven, Michigan. ==Operations ==

Salar De Atacama, Chile Chile is one of the world’s highest Lithium producing countries. Annually, the country produces approximately 49,000 metric tons of lithium, which is the second highest globally only falling behind Australia. The production of Lithium in the Salt Flats of Chile has increased steadily since 2020, rising about 127%. The most common method of extraction is that of accessing lithium brine deposits. In April of 2023 there were plans by the Chilean government to nationalize the lithium industry, and to gain controlling stakes in the industry through a state-owned mining company called Codelco. Albemarle has a mine in this area which extracts lithium from lithium brine deposits. The process of doing this includes pumping the core of the Salar de Atacama, extracting this lithium-rich brine, and moving it to wells where it can then evaporate in the sun, until the lithium concentrations reach approximately 6%. This concentrated brine is then moved by cistern trucks to a plant owned by Albemarle in Antofagasta where it is converted chemically into usable forms of lithium. These forms include technical and battery grade lithium chloride and lithium carbonate. There are several important environmental impacts that lithium mining in the Salar de Atacama has. The first of these being the fact that the Salar de Atacama only receives about 15mm of water per year. The process of brine extraction especially, depletes water in desert, wetland, and altiplano ecosystems, all of which are present in the Salar de Atacama. The depletion of water reserves in the area could have the capacity to degrade habitats of animals including three types of flamingos, migratory water birds, lizards, bats, foxes, and many species of rodents. Additionally, the water-intensive process of brine extraction has been known to degrade surface vegetation, and to elevate daytime surface temperatures, as well as lower moisture levels in soil. The small scale subsistence farmers who have lived in this region for far longer than the foreign lithium extraction business has been present are facing several environmental injustices because of the industry . In San Pedro de Atacama specifically, many houses have raised black flags outside of their homes to indicate the fact that they are mourning the many changes made in the area without their consent. However, because of the lack of water caused by brine extraction, the community’s crops are failing. Additionally, livestock are getting ill. This is because of the lack of water in the area as a result of the brine extraction process. Should this continue, then the traditional ways of life of people in this area may disappear, according to locals from San Pedro de Atacama who claim that this is a major concern of theirs They have explained that "We could very easily disappear. That's everybody's fear, I think, that we cease to exist, that we disappear entirely as a culture”, one local said in an interview with NPR. Silver Peak, Nevada Albemarle’s Silver Peak Lithium extraction site in Silver Peak, Nevada acts as the United States’ only active Lithium resource. The site began operations approximately 50 years ago and currently employs 60 people in order to produce technical grade lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide. Similarly to their site in Chile, Albemarle utilizes brine extraction to obtain lithium in the area. This process involves pumping of aquifers between 300 and 2000 ft. below the surface, allowing brine water to evaporate until its lithium concentration is high enough. Once the concentration is high enough the lithium will be refined at separate sites. Silver Peak Nevada is home to many different species of plants and animals, who inhabit a wide range of habitats. These include alluvial plains, canyons, dense pinion and juniper woodlands. Other plant species include greasewood, low saltbush vegetation, and low sage brush communities. There are many large animal species present, including mule deer, bighorn sheep, raptor species like the burrowing owl and golden eagle, and rodents. Lithium mining threatens over 2,000 acres of nesting sites for various species, while also encroaching on the habitat of the federally protected Tiehm’s buckwheat wildflower, an endangered wildflower that evolved to survive on inhospitable lithium-boron rich soil. The Biden administration’s focus on transitioning from carbon-based energies provides subsidies for lithium extraction companies, which has led to the construction of the Silver Peak lithium mine. However, this initiative poses no limits on water consumption of lithium mining corporations, and very few restrictions on mining practices. Like the Chilean Salt Flats, Silver Peak is an area that receives very little rainfall during the year and is incredibly dry. The area only receives about 4.45 inches of precipitation per year which is substantially less than other, more temperate states such as Pennsylvania which receives an average of over 41.53 inches of precipitation per year. In fact, Nevada is the driest state in America. Community members in King’s Mountain have argued against reopening the mine because of several issues resulting from lithium mining’s legacy there. Previously, the mine was operated from the 1950’s until the 1980’s and this history has resulted in elevated levels of pollutants that are uncommon, and as such are not federally regulated. This includes lithium. However, the history of lithium extraction processes in this area have also resulted in elevated levels of both cesium and rubidium. It is estimated that the resurgence of lithium extraction in the area could increase the presence of these metals in drinking water systems. These metals, cesium and rubidium can cause skin irritation, as well as can become toxic if ingested in large quantities. There are already certain adverse effects caused by Albemarle’s lithium extraction in the area where the proposed mine is located. In Cleveland County, near King’s Mountain, Albemarle has begun to drain the old mine to reopen it, which has caused a process called turnover to occur. Turnover is the process by which surface water is cooled by the air, and then water sinks because it is denser. This causes the displacement of water at the bottom of the lake in which there are decomposed materials from historic lithium mining in the area. This causes the release of hydrogen sulfide gas into the air which results in a foul smell locals have been complaining about [54]. One local even said of the smell, “I’ve been around marshes and the beaches my whole life, all over, and never smelt the strength of this odor anywhere .” The area in which this mine is being proposed is home to many different examples of wildlife which include white-tail deer, birds, frogs, as well as opossums, raccoons, bats, and other nocturnal creatures. There are over 542 species of plants that are present in the area as well. Lithium mining in the area has several concerns with the environment including the pollution of air and water which can endanger the health of animals, and degrade soil making it inhabitable for native plant species. As well as this, lithium mining can destroy habitats for wildlife, or erode healthy soil. == Lawsuits and settlements ==

Exploitation of aquifers in Atacama Desert Starting in 2022 indigenous Atacameño people sued Albemarle, Minera Escondida and Minera Zaldívar over damages to the Monturaqui-Negrillar-Tilopozo Aquifer. The lawsuit was joined by the Chilean state's Consejo de Defensa del Estado. Minera Escondida argued for its part that any effects of its water extraction have not had time to manifest downstream at the observation sites, due to the slow movement of groundwater, and hence that it was the extraction of the other two companies that had impacted it. In its defense Albemarle asserted that its extracts only surface water from a spring and that its use is minimal compared to the other companies. September 2023 Securities and Exchange Commission FCPA Violation In September of 2023, the Albemarle corporation agreed to pay over $103.6 million to the Security and Exchange commission due to the fact that it violated anti-bribery, recordkeeping, and internal accounting controls provisions. These boundaries were laid out in Foreign Corrupt Policies Act. The specifics of these violations included actions such as using agents from at least 2009 through 2017 to pay bribes to obtain sales of refinery catalysts to public-sector oil refineries in Vietnam, India, and Indonesia and to private-sector oil refineries in India. The Commission found that Albemarle also failed to devise and maintain a sufficient system of internal accounting controls to provide reasonable assurances that payments made to agents in Vietnam, Indonesia, India, China, and the United Arab Emirates were for legitimate services. According to Charles Cain, the Chief of the SEC’s enforcement division, “Despite repeated and glaring bribery-related red flags, Albemarle failed for many years to implement sufficient internal accounting controls relevant to the use of agents by its global refining solutions business to make sales to state-owned customers around the world. This failure set the stage for wide-ranging misconduct.” The United States Department of Justice also announced on September 29, 2023 that it had entered into a non-prosecution agreement with Albemarle. Under this agreement, Albemarle would pay a criminal fine of $99 million, and the company would pay a forfeiture of approximately $98 million. $81.8 million of this would be satisfied by Albemarle’s payment to the Security and Exchange Commission. == References ==