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Alice Wilson

Alice Evelyn Wilson was Canada's first female geologist. She is most well known for her scientific studies of rocks and fossils in the Ottawa region between 1913 and 1963.

Early life
Alice Evelyn Wilson was born on 26 August 1881 in Cobourg, Ontario, the daughter of Mary Adelia Kingston Wilson and Dr. John Wilson, a professor of Classics at the University of Toronto. She grew up in an academically oriented household and was one of three children, with two older brothers. One of them, Alfred William Gunning Wilson, later became a geologist and earned a doctorate from Harvard University, while another brother, Norman Wilson, was noted for his ability in mathematics. The family environment placed a strong emphasis on scholarship, languages, and intellectual pursuits, influences that would shape Wilson's later scientific career. Wilson experienced fragile health during childhood. To strengthen her condition, her father encouraged regular outdoor activity, and the family spent time canoeing and camping in the landscapes of southern Ontario. These excursions introduced Wilson to the region's natural environments at an early age and fostered an enduring interest in geology and natural history. During these outings she began collecting fossils from the limestone formations near her home, an activity that developed into a lasting fascination with palaeontology. Wilson received her early education in Cobourg. While she was still a child, her family moved to Toronto after her father joined the faculty of the University of Toronto. == Education ==
Education
Wilson's path through higher education was unusually long and fragmented, interrupted first by serious illness and later by institutional barriers that delayed her pursuit of advanced study for more than two decades. University studies In 1901, at the age of 20, Wilson enrolled at Victoria College, a federated college of the University of Toronto, where she studied modern languages and history. Her original intention was to become a teacher, one of the few professional careers widely regarded as socially acceptable for educated women in the early twentieth century. During her final year of study, after several years at the university, Wilson became seriously ill with anemia. The illness forced her to withdraw from the university before completing her degree. Completion of degree After a prolonged period of recovery, Wilson began working in 1907, at the age of 25, as an assistant at the Museum of Mineralogy at the University of Toronto. The position introduced her to scientific collections and research environments and marked the beginning of her transition toward scientific work. Two years later, in 1909, she joined the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), which was then headquartered in the Victoria Memorial Museum in Ottawa. There she worked in the invertebrate palaeontology section under the supervision of palaeontologist Percy Raymond. Raymond encouraged Wilson to complete her university studies while continuing her work at the Survey. Wilson resumed her studies and eventually completed her degree at the University of Toronto in 1911, at the age of 29. Attempts at doctoral study Wilson's growing scientific work made her eligible to pursue doctoral studies in 1915, when she was 34 years old. She repeatedly requested leave from the Geological Survey of Canada in order to undertake advanced study, but her requests were denied, even though similar leave was granted to male scientists. Beginning in 1920 her supervisor, geologist Edward M. Kindle, supported her efforts to pursue further education, though other leaders within the Survey remained opposed. Wilson later wrote that although various explanations had been offered for the refusals, she believed the fundamental reason was that granting her leave would make a woman eligible for the highest scientific positions within the Survey. For nearly a decade Wilson continued to seek permission to pursue further study. In 1924, at the age of 43, she was finally granted leave, but without salary, which required her to seek outside funding in order to continue her studies. After several years of applications she was awarded a scholarship from the Canadian Federation of University Women in 1926, when she was 45 years old. The scholarship helped support her continuing academic work despite the institutional barriers she had faced. ==Career==
Career
Early professional career In 1907, Wilson started her career at the University of Toronto museum in the mineralogy division, despite not having completed her degree. In 1909, she took an assistant job at the Victoria Memorial Museum, and then became eligible and took a temporary clerk position at the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), which was headquartered at the Victoria Memorial Museum in Ottawa. Her past education of studying languages would later prove useful when she was requested to translate a portion of Karl Alfred von Zittels Text-Book of Paleontology from German to English by Percy Raymond, who also advocated for Wilson to take a leave of absence from the GSC in order to finish her degree, which she received in 1910. Following her return in 1911, she was given a permanent position at the GSC, although she was still not allowed to participate in field studies alongside her male peers. This policy was finally changed in 1970. Before the departure of colleague Percy Raymond, she wrote two articles, both of which recorded new species of animals. Respectively, a new branchiopod and then a bivalve. She began studying the area in the early 1910s, only a few years after joining the Geological Survey of Canada in 1909 and completing her university degree in 1911. The book for children features three kids asking a geologist different questions about the Earth starting with: "Why do some rocks skip on water better than others?" Dr. Wilson once said that "The earth touches every life. Everyone should receive some understanding of it" (Massive Science). This explains her passion for teaching others about geology and the admiration she gained from her students at Carleton who knew her affectionately as the "rock doctor." Later career and retirement Wilson became a respected member of the GSC and mentored many young geologists through her lectures, field trips, publications, and museum exhibits. However, she was not referred to as "Doctor" by her colleagues until 1945—16 years after she obtained her doctorate. She retired two years later, at the age of 65, as was required by law, though five new hires were required to do the same amount of work as Wilson. However, she kept her office at the GSC and continued her work regardless of not being compensated until her death in 1964. Wilson's work on researching the geology and paleontology in the area of Cornwall, Ontario and the St. Lawrence lowlands was important for the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway that was built in 1954. A few months before her death, Wilson gave up her office at the GSC and informed Dr. James M. Harrison about it. Although Dr. Harrison tried to convince her not to leave, Wilson responded by saying, "[Her] work is done." ==Death==
Death
Wilson died in Ottawa on April 15, 1964, at the age of 84 years old. Her death marked a significant loss to the academic community, particularly in the field of geology. She is remembered for her work to the understanding of the stratigraphy and invertebrate palaeontology of the Palaeozoic strata of eastern Canada, though that contribution wasn't recognized until after her retirement. ==Awards and recognition==
Awards and recognition
Wilson received numerous professional honours during her lifetime and has been commemorated in Canada for her pioneering role in geology. Professional firsts • First woman geologist employed by the Geological Survey of Canada in 1909. • One of the first two women elected Fellows of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society in 1930. • First Canadian woman admitted to the Geological Society of America in 1936. • First woman elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1938. Honours and awards • Appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for her contributions to science within the Canadian federal civil service in 1935. • Awarded an honorary doctorate by Carleton University in recognition of her geological research and her work as a lecturer in paleontology in 1960. • Alice Wilson Award established by the Royal Society of Canada, recognizing outstanding early-career women scholars, in 1991. • Inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame in 2005. Commemorations and memorials • The Geological Survey of Canada named a meeting room "Wilson Hall" in Ottawa in her honour. • Designated a Person of National Historic Significance by the Government of Canada in 2011. • A Government of Canada commemorative plaque honouring Wilson was unveiled at the Canadian Museum of Nature on 18 October 2018. • A tunnel boring machine used for the Réseau express métropolitain (REM) project in Montreal was named "Alice" in her honour in 2019. ==Selected publications==
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