Prehistory The settlement history of this coast spans about 2,800 years. The first inhabitants to settle here may have been the
Bastuli, an ancient
Celtiberian tribe. The Phoenicians founded their colony of
Malaka here about 770 BC, and from the 6th century BC it was under the hegemony of
ancient Carthage in north Africa. From 218 BC the region was ruled by the
Roman Republic and then at the end of the 1st century it was federated with the
Roman Empire. in the backgroundUnder the rule of the Roman Republic, the
Municipium Malacitanum became a transit point on the
Via Herculea, which revitalised the city both economically and culturally by connecting it with other developed enclaves in the interior of Hispania and with other ports of the Mediterranean Sea. The decline of the Roman imperial power in the 5th century led to invasions of
Hispania Baetica by
Germanic peoples and by the
Byzantine Empire. The southern Mediterranean coast was part of
Visigothic Spain from the fifth century until the
Muslim Arab conquest of Hispania (711–718) The city, then known as Mālaqa (مالقة), was encircled by defensive walls and became part of the
Muslim Empire. In 1026 it became the capital of the
Taifa of Málaga, an independent Muslim kingdom ruled by the
Hammudid dynasty in the
Caliphate of Córdoba, which was conquered by the
Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. The siege of Mālaqa by the
Catholic Monarchs in 1487 was one of the longest of the
Reconquista. In the 16th century, the area entered a period of slow decline, exacerbated by epidemics of disease, several successive poor food crops, floods, and earthquakes. Trade, dominated by foreign merchants, was the main source of wealth in Málaga province of the 18th century, with wine and raisins as the principal commodity exports. Public works done on the Málaga city port as well as those on the Antequera and Velez roadways provided the necessary infrastructure for distribution of the renowned Málaga wines. Málaga, as headquarters of the
Capitanía General de Granada (Captaincy General of the Kingdom of Granada) on the coast, played an essential role in the foreign policy of the
Bourbon kings of Spain. The regional military and the defence of the Mediterranean were administered in the city. The loss of Gibraltar to the British in the
Battle of Málaga of 1704 made the city the key to military defence of the
Strait. During the second half of the 18th century Málaga solved its chronic water supply problems with the completion of one of the largest infrastructure projects carried out in Spain at the time: the building of the Aqueduct of San Telmo. The peasantry and the working classes still made up the vast majority of the population, but the emergence of a business-oriented middle-class lay the foundations for the 19th-century economic boom.
Beginnings of the tourist industry Having been a relatively prosperous commercial and industrial centre for most of the 19th century, Málaga province experienced a severe economic contraction in the 1880s and 1890s. It led to the end of the
iron industry in 1893, and weakened the trade and textile industry. The agricultural sector suffered a deep depression that affected the raising of livestock and all the major crops, especially cultivation of
Vitis vinifera, a grape used for the wine industry, which was devastated by a
Phylloxera epidemic. The social disruption caused by the crisis and its aftermath of job loss, business collapse and general decline in economic activity, led many residents to consider other means of livelihood. Even at this early date some of them envisaged tourism as an alternative source of income, but years passed before initiatives were put forward to develop Málaga as a tourist resort. The
Sociedad Propagandística del Clima y Embellecimiento de Málaga (Propagation Society for the Climate and Beautification of Málaga) was founded in 1897 by a pioneering group of influential Málaga businessmen who saw the potential of tourism as a generator of wealth, and tried to organise a rational planned development of this sector of the economy. Their promotional campaigns extolled the mild climate of Málaga, attracting enough tourists and winter visitors to help relieve the economic slump somewhat. At the beginning of the 20th century, the
Baños del Carmen beach was developed and opened in the
east of Málaga. The Torremolinos golf course followed in 1928. According to local historian Fernando Alcala, on 15 October 1933, the "Hotel Miramar" was inaugurated in
Marbella. The owners, Jose Laguno Canas and Maria Zuzuarregui (daughter of Agustina Zuzuarregui y Sutton Clonard) promoted this hotel and the city of Marbella in English and in French, using the expressions "Sunny Coast" and "Côte du Soleil "in all its stationery and lampoons. According to Estefania Rodriguez Camacho, quoting Fernando Alcala's book, ["Marbella. Years of Tourism. Volume I. The beginning of a long march."] these are the real inventors of the expression "Costa del Sol". However, development of the tourist sector was interrupted by the
Spanish Civil War and
World War II.
Spanish Civil War Following the uprising of
Francoist forces in July 1936, control of Andalusia was divided between the
Republican forces and the
Nationalists, with the Costa del Sol remaining in the Republican zone and Málaga serving as a naval base for the
Spanish Republican Navy. The
Battle of Málaga was the culmination of an offensive in February
1937 by the combined
Nationalist and
Italian forces under the command of
General Queipo de Llano to eliminate
Republican control of the
province of Málaga. The participation of Moroccan regulars and Italian tanks from the recently arrived
Corpo Truppe Volontarie resulted in a complete
rout of the
Spanish Republican Army and the capitulation of
Málaga in less than a week on 8 February. The occupation of Málaga led to an exodus of civilians and soldiers on the road to
Almería, who were bombarded by Franco's air force, navy cruisers, tanks and artillery on 8 February, causing hundreds of deaths. This episode is known as the "
Málaga-Almería road massacre". A local historian recounted that nationalist reprisals after the province was captured resulted in total deaths of over 7,000 people.
1940s and 1950s Until after World War II, Marbella was a small jasmine-lined village with only 900 inhabitants. Ricardo Soriano, Marquis of Ivanrey, moved to Marbella and popularised it among his rich and famous friends. In 1943 he had acquired a country estate located between Marbella and San Pedro called
El Rodeo, and later built a resort there called
Venta y Albergues El Rodeo, beginning the development of tourism in Marbella. Soriano's nephew,
Prince Alfonso of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, acquired another estate,
Finca Santa Margarita, which in 1954 would become the
Marbella Club, an international resort of movie stars, business executives and the nobility. Both these resorts would be frequented by members of European aristocratic families, transforming Marbella into a destination for the international
jet set. The Hotel la Roca had opened in 1942, with the
Hotel Pez Espada opening in 1959. enjoying the nightlife in 1958
1960s and 1970s The Costa del Sol experienced an explosive demographic and economic expansion with the boom in tourism between 1959 and 1974. The name "Costa del Sol" was a brand created specifically to market the Mediterranean coastline of Málaga province to foreign vacationers. Historically the provincial population had lived in the fishing villages, and in the "white" villages (pueblos blancos) a short distance inland in the mountains running down to the coast. The area was developed to meet the demands of international tourism in the 1950s and has since been a popular destination for foreign tourists not only for its beaches but also for its local culture. The "
Spanish miracle" fed itself on the rural exodus which created a new class of industrial workers. The economic boom led to an increase in rapid, largely unplanned building on the periphery of the cities of the Costa del Sol to accommodate the new workers arriving from the countryside. Some cities preserved their historic centres, but most were altered by often haphazard commercial and residential developments. The same fate befell long stretches of scenic coastline as
mass tourism exploded. Torremolinos' popularity as a tourist destination had a domino effect, and in the late 1960s and early 1970s, nearby municipalities such as
Benalmadena,
Fuengirola and
Mijas, also saw a growth in the number of tourists. The 1960s brought a radical change in the appearance of the small fishing villages. Hotels were opened in
Nerja and Málaga and promoted by Ricardo Soriano and his nephew
Alfonso of Hohenlohe.
Marbella became a fashionable destination for aristocrats and the rich. The author Juan Bonilla portrayed the swinging Sixties scene on the Costa del Sol in his non-fiction work of caustic cultural criticism,
La Costa del Sol en la hora pop (2007), depicting real-life characters from elderly expatriate Nazis and jailbird criminal politicians to titled aristocratic playboys like Soriano and Hohenlohe.
Late 1970s onwards The rebuilding of the Málaga Airport was the decisive improvement to infrastructure that facilitated mass tourism on the coast. Low cost charter flights and holiday packages made it a player on the international market. By the 1970s trips to Spain were the predominant business of the European tour operators, although growth in the general economy of Spain slowed almost to a standstill after 1973. As rapid development proceeded on the Costa del Sol, and the influx of expatriate retirees from northern European countries, notably Great Britain, increased during the late 1970s and 1980s. It has since then sometimes been referred to in the press of the United Kingdom as the "Costa del Crime", because British criminals would escape justice at home by moving there to live their lives in luxury. The presence of the Italian
Camorra in the Costa del Sol is also so strong that Camorra bosses refer to it as
Costa Nostra ("Our Coast"), according to Italian journalist
Roberto Saviano, a specialist on the
Naples criminal underworld. With tense relations between the UK and Spain over
Gibraltar,
extradition arrangements were not at that time agreed. This phenomenon has been alluded to in films and television shows such as
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet,
Bad Girls,
The Cook Report, and
The Olsen Gang on the Track, as well as in the more recent films
Sexy Beast and
The Business. Some of the more famous British criminals known to have fled to the Costa del Sol in the past were
Charlie Wilson, Ronnie Knight,
Freddie Foreman, Anthony Fraser (grandson of Mad
Frankie Fraser), and more recently "The Doctor of Marbella" also known as "IRDM" and armed robber Andrew Moran. John Disley, nicknamed the "King of Marbella", (not to be confused with the international criminal
Monzer al-Kassar whose nickname is the "Prince of Marbella") masterminded a £700,000 bank fraud. Other European criminal entrepreneurs, many of Russian and Dutch origin, have also settled on this coast for the climate and functional advantages for their enterprises, as well as being active investors in the property sector. The Costa del Sol welcomes millions of tourists annually. Visitors arriving by air can land at either
Málaga Airport,
Granada Airport or
Gibraltar International Airport. and head to one of the many resorts located along this stretch of coastline from
Manilva in the west to
Nerja in the east. ==Transport==