Alpha and beta male

The terms were used almost solely in animal ethology prior to the 1990s, particularly in regard to mating privileges with females, ability to hold territory, and hierarchy in terms of food consumption within their herd or flock. In animal ethology, beta refers to an animal who is subordinate to higher-ranking members in the social hierarchy, thus having to wait to eat and having fewer or negligible opportunities for copulation. In the 1982 book of Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes, primatologist and ethologist Frans de Waal suggested that his observations of a chimpanzee colony could possibly be applied to human interactions. Some commentary on the book, including in the Chicago Tribune, discussed its parallels to human power hierarchies. In the early 1990s, some media outlets began to use the term alpha to refer to humans, specifically to "manly" men who excelled in business. Journalist Jesse Singal, writing in New York magazine, attributes the popular awareness of the terms to a 1999 Time magazine article, which described an opinion held by Naomi Wolf, who was at the time an advisor to then–presidential candidate Al Gore: "Wolf has argued internally that Gore is a 'Beta male' who needs to take on the 'Alpha male' in the Oval Office before the public will see him as the top dog." Singal also credits Neil Strauss's bestselling 2005 book on pickup artistry, titled The Game, for popularizing alpha male as an aspirational ideal. == Usage ==

Both terms have been frequently used in internet memes. The term beta is used as a pejorative self-identifier among some members of the manosphere, particularly incels, who do not believe they are assertive and/or traditionally masculine, and feel overlooked by women. despite the fact that dominating behavior is rarely seen as a positive trait for either an ideal date or a romantic partner. Claims about women being "hard-wired" to desire "alpha males" are seen by experts as misogynistic and stereotypical, and are not supported by research. Evolutionary psychologists who study human mating behavior instead believe that humans use two distinct strategiesdominance and prestigefor climbing social hierarchies, and that prestige plays a significantly more important role in establishing men's attractiveness to women than does dominance. The term beta is also often used among manosphere communities to refer to men they consider easily taken advantage of or ignored by women. Beta is sometimes used as self-identifier among men who do not embody hegemonic masculinity. It is also sometimes used by manospherians as a pejorative term for men who are or are perceived to be feminist, or who are thought to be acting as "". Some manosphere groups refer to members of other groups in the manosphere as betas; for example, members of the MGTOW community sometimes use it to refer to men's rights activists or incels. Similar terms used by the manosphere communities include nice guy, cuck, simp, and soy boy. 'Alpha' and 'beta' are also used with other genders in online discourse, and other letters of the Greek alphabet (such as sigma) are used to define additional genres of men. ==Related terms==

Sigma male Sigma male is an internet slang term to describe solitary, masculine men. The term gained prominence within internet culture during the late 2010s and early 2020s, and has inspired numerous memes, graffitis and videos. It is used to denote a male who is equivalent to an alpha male but exists outside the alpha-beta male hierarchy as a "lone wolf". In the manosphere, it is regarded as the "rarest" kind of male. In 2023, #sigma gained over 46 billion views on the social media platform TikTok. In 2024, the Russian song "Sigma Boy" became viral on TikTok and charted on Spotify, YouTube and iTunes. The term first appeared in a blog post by American writer Vox Day. Later, California plastic surgeon John T. Alexander published the book The Sigma Male: What Women Really Want. In 2018, the term appeared on YouTube and in 2021 it went viral after a tweet by Lily Simpson. The term sigma male has also taken on an ironic and satirical meaning, often mocking the concept of the "manosphere" and the ideas of hustle culture with bizarre and nonsensical actions being considered part of the sigma male mindset or "grindset". On social media, the term is often used to describe idealistic, masculine fictional characters from films and TV shows. Notably, actor Christian Bale's portrayal of the character Patrick Bateman from the 2000 film American Psycho is often cited as an ideal representation of a "sigma male", both through memes and unironic discussion. Due to the term's attribution to fictional film characters, it has been highlighted as promoting unrealistic personality and beauty standards. Alpha fux beta bux In the manosphere, the term alpha fux beta bux (commonly abbreviated AF/BB) which is an altered spelling of the phrase "alpha fucks, beta bucks", presupposes a mating strategy of hypergamy or "marrying up" among women whereby they prefer the more masculine "alpha" males for sexual relationships but settle for less attractive but more compliant "beta" males for financial security. Sometimes it expresses a belief that women marry or establish (often sexless) long-term relationships with beta males out of convenience to exploit them financially, while continuing to keep options open for infidelity and extramarital sex with alpha males. Ging describes these beliefs as an effort by young men in the Western world to cope with their limited economic prospects after the 2008 financial crisis by appealing to gender-essentialist notions of gold-digging women popular in postfeminist culture. The AF/BB belief has been supported by the unproven theory that women frequently engage in a dual mating strategy, where they have affairs with men besides their partner while ovulating. Beta uprising The term beta uprising or incel rebellion has been used largely among incels to refer to revenge by members of their community who have been overlooked by women. It is also sometimes used to describe a movement to overthrow what they view as an oppressive, feminist society. A 2018 vehicle-ramming attack in Toronto, Canada, was perpetrated by a man who had posted on his Facebook page just prior to the attack, "the Incel Rebellion has already begun". Media outlets have used the terms beta uprising and incel rebellion to refer to acts of violence perpetrated by members of manosphere communities, particularly incels. ==See also==