MarketAmerican Association (1902–1997)
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American Association (1902–1997)

The American Association (AA) was a Minor League Baseball league that operated primarily in the Midwestern and South Central United States from 1902 to 1962 and 1969 to 1997. It was classified as a Triple-A league, which is one grade below Major League Baseball, for most of its existence.

History
First run (1902–1962) won the first American Association championship (1902). The American Association was formed in the fall of 1901 by Thomas J. Hickey, who had recently been appointed president of the Western League and was a founder of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues. Hickey resigned from the Western League to lead the new American Association, which elected not to join the National Association, thus becoming an "outlaw" league. The eight-team circuit fielded clubs in Columbus, Ohio; Indianapolis, Indiana; Kansas City, Missouri; Louisville, Kentucky; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Saint Paul, Minnesota; and Toledo, Ohio. The league's inaugural 140-game schedule was to be played from late April to late September 1902. At the end of that season, the first American Association championship was won by the Indianapolis Indians. The American Association became members of the National Association after two seasons and was then classified as a Class A circuit. In 1912, it was reclassified as a Double-A league. The American Association's attendance base began to be eroded significantly in the 1950s and early 1960s due to expansion and westward migration of Major League Baseball teams into several of the AA's larger member cities, especially Milwaukee, Kansas City, and Minneapolis-Saint Paul. Another contributing factor was the increased frequency of televised games, both of MLB teams and the AA's own clubs, enticing fans to watch baseball from the comfort of their own homes. Toledo suffered such poor attendance that the team folded during the 1952 season and was transferred to Charleston, West Virginia. In 1953, the league lost the Milwaukee Brewers who were displaced by the National League's Milwaukee Braves. In 1959, the league expanded to 10 teams when it acquired three former Texas League clubs, but expensive and lengthy travel across the spread-out league coupled with dwindling attendance was damaging to what had once been a flourishing circuit. By 1961, the league had been reduced to six clubs—just one a charter city—after having lost Kansas City and Minneapolis–St. Paul to the major leagues. After the 1962 season, the American Association disbanded, and some of its member teams were distributed between the Pacific Coast League (PCL) and the International League (IL), while others (the Louisville Colonels and Omaha Dodgers) folded altogether. The Indianapolis Indians joined the IL, and the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers, Denver Bears, and Oklahoma City 89ers went to the PCL. Second run (1969–1997) With major league expansion in 1969 and the need for four new Triple-A farm teams, the American Association was revived. The creation of a third Triple-A league would alleviate some of the travel costs incurred by having only two leagues spread out across the country. The new American Association would field six teams in 1969. It re-acquired its old Indianapolis; Denver, Colorado; and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, territories from the PCL, revived the Omaha, Nebraska, franchise, and added two cities (Des Moines, Iowa, and Tulsa, Oklahoma) that were new to the circuit. The teams played a 140-game schedule with no All-Star Game or playoffs. In 1970, the AA returned to a two-division format, reintroduced the All-Star Game and playoffs, and expanded to eight cities with the addition of Wichita, Kansas, and Evansville, Indiana. The 1970s were a stable time for the Association with strong attendance and only minor franchise shifts. The league thrived during the 1980s and 1990s, along with all of Minor League Baseball as an industry. Affordable ticket prices, exciting giveaways and promotions, and new ballparks helped lure fans, especially families, back to minor league games. Half of the top-ten drawing minor league clubs in 1985 were members of the American Association. From 1982 to 1986, the Louisville Redbirds led all of Minor League Baseball in attendance, including the 1983 season in which the club drew over one million fans. From 1988 to 1991, the Association participated in interleague play with the International League as a part of the Triple-A Alliance. The two leagues played an interlocking schedule consisting of 40 to 44 interleague games per team. At the end of each season, an Alliance champion was determined in the Triple-A Classic, a best-of-seven postseason series. All three Triple-A leagues, began participating in the Triple-A All-Star Game in 1988. The first of these events was held at the Buffalo Bisons' newly-constructed Pilot Field on July 13, 1988. In the inaugural game, a team of American League-affiliated All-Stars defeated a team of National League affiliates, 2–1. ==Interleague play==
Interleague play
On and off, the American Association champion played against the International League's champion in a postseason series similar to Major League Baseball's World Series. The first Little World Series, as it was called from 1904 to 1931, saw the IL's Buffalo Bisons defeat the AA's St. Paul Saints, 2–1. The series was held again in 1906 and 1907, but not played again until 1917. Due to the war, there was no series in 1918, but it was revived in 1919 and then played steadily through 1931. The 1919 event was named the Junior World Series, which became the official name of the series in 1932, and pitted the AA's champion against the Pacific Coast League's champion. The Junior World Series, with the AA versus the IL, continued from 1932 to 1962, and was held sporadically thereafter (1970, 1971, 1973, and 1975). American Association teams won 27 Little/Junior World Series. All three Triple-A leagues participated in the 1983 Triple-A World Series. As part of the Triple-A Alliance, the AA and IL champions met in the Triple-A Classic from 1988 to 1991. All four Classics were won by Association teams. From 1988 until the league's demise in 1997, players from all three Triple-A leagues were selected to play in the mid-season Triple-A All-Star Game. One team was made up of All-Stars from American League affiliates and the other of National League affiliates. ==Teams==
Teams
1902–1962 Timeline DateFormat = yyyy ImageSize = width:1200 height:auto barincrement:25 Period = from:1902 till:1963 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:140 left:20 bottom:20 top:0 Colors = id:barcolor value:rgb(0.99,0.7,0.7) id:line value:black id:bg value:white PlotData= width:20 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:s bar:1 color:skyblue from:1902 till:1931 text:Columbus Senators (1902–30) bar:1 color:pink from:1931 till:1955 text:Columbus Red Birds (1931–54) bar:1 color:dullyellow from:1955 till:1960 text:Omaha Cardinals (1955–59) bar:2 color:skyblue from:1902 till:1963 text:Indianapolis Indians (1902–62) bar:3 color:skyblue from:1902 till:1963 text:Louisville Colonels (1902–62) bar:4 color:skyblue from:1902 till:1953 text:Milwaukee Brewers (1902–52) Toledo Sox (1953–55) Wichita Braves (1956–58) Fort Worth Cats (1959) Merged with Dallas Rangers in 1960 bar:4 color:pink from:1953 till:1956 bar:4 color:dullyellow from:1956 till:1959 bar:4 color:tan1 from:1959 till:1960 bar:5 color:skyblue from:1902 till:1961 text:Minneapolis Millers (1902–60) bar:6 color:skyblue from:1902 till:1903 text:Kansas City Blues (1902) Kansas City Cowboys (1903) Kansas City Blues (1904–54) bar:6 color:pink from:1903 till:1904 bar:6 color:dullyellow from:1904 till:1955 bar:6 color:tan1 from:1955 till:1963 text:Denver Bears (1955–62) bar:7 color:skyblue from:1902 till:1914 text:St. Paul Saints (1902–13) bar:7 color:pink from:1914 till:1915 text:St. Paul Apostles (1914) St. Paul Saints (1915–60) bar:7 color:dullyellow from:1915 till:1961 bar:7 color:tan1 from:1961 till:1963 text:Omaha Dodgers (1961–62) bar:8 color:skyblue from:1902 till:1914 text:Toledo Mud Hens (1902–13) Cleveland Bearcats (1914) Cleveland Spiders (1915) Toledo Iron Men (1916–18) Toledo Mud Hens (1919–52) bar:8 color:pink from:1914 till:1915 bar:8 color:dullyellow from:1915 till:1916 bar:8 color:tan1 from:1916 till:1918 bar:8 color:lightorange from:1918 till:1952 bar:8 color:yellowgreen from:1952 till:1961 text: Charleston Senators (1952–60) bar:9 color:skyblue from:1959 till:1962 text:Houston Buffs (1959–61) Oklahoma City 89ers (1962) bar:9 color:pink from:1962 till:1963 bar:10 color:skyblue from:1959 till:1960 text:Dallas Rangers (1959) Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers (1960–62) bar:10 color:pink from:1960 till:1962 ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:5 start:1902 1969–1997 Timeline DateFormat = yyyy ImageSize = width:1200 height:auto barincrement:25 Period = from:1969 till:1998 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:140 left:20 bottom:20 top:0 Colors = id:barcolor value:rgb(0.99,0.7,0.7) id:line value:black id:bg value:white PlotData= width:20 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:s bar:1 color:skyblue from:1970 till:1985 text:Wichita Aeros (1970–84) bar:1 color:pink from:1985 till:1998 text:Buffalo Bisons (1985–97) bar:2 color:skyblue from:1969 till:1998 text:Indianapolis Indians (1969–97) bar:3 color:skyblue from:1969 till:1982 text:Iowa Oaks (1969–81) bar:3 color:pink from:1982 till:1998 text:Iowa Cubs (1982–97) bar:4 color:skyblue from:1969 till:1977 text:Tulsa Oilers (1969–76) New Orleans Pelicans (1977) Springfield Redbirds (1978–81) bar:4 color:pink from:1977 till:1978 bar:4 color:dullyellow from:1978 till:1982 bar:4 color:tan1 from:1982 till:1998 text: Louisville Redbirds (1982–97) bar:5 color:skyblue from:1969 till:1984 text:Denver Bears (1969–83) bar:5 color:pink from:1984 till:1993 text:Denver Zephyrs (1984–92) bar:5 color:dullyellow from:1993 till:1998 text:New Orleans Zephyrs (1993–97) bar:6 color:skyblue from:1969 till:1998 text:Oklahoma City 89ers (1969–97) bar:7 color:skyblue from:1969 till:1998 text:Omaha Royals (1969–97) bar:8 color:skyblue from:1970 till:1985 text:Evansville Triplets (1970–84) bar:8 color:pink from:1985 till:1998 text:Nashville Sounds (1985–97) ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:1 start:1969 • Columbus Senators (1902–1930) → Columbus Red Birds (1931–1954) → Omaha Cardinals (1955–1959) • Dallas Rangers (1959) → Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers (1960–1962) • Evansville Triplets (1970–1984) → Nashville Sounds (1985–1997) • Houston Buffs (1959–1961) → Oklahoma City 89ers (1962, 1969–1997) • Indianapolis Indians (1902–1962, 1969–1997) • Iowa Oaks (1969–1981) → Iowa Cubs (1982–1997) • Kansas City Blues (1902) →Kansas City Cowboys (1903) → Kansas City Blues (1904–1954) → Denver Bears (1955–1962, 1969–1983) → Denver Zephyrs (1984–1992) → New Orleans Zephyrs (1993–1997) • Louisville Colonels (1902–1962) • Milwaukee Brewers (1902–1952) → Toledo Sox (1953–1955) → Wichita Braves (1956–1958) → Fort Worth Cats (1959) → Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers (1960–1962) • Minneapolis Millers (1902–1960) • Omaha Royals (1969–1997) • St. Paul Saints (1902–1913) → St. Paul Apostles (1914) → St. Paul Saints (1915–1960) → Omaha Dodgers (1961–1962) • Toledo Mud Hens (1902–1913) → Cleveland Bearcats (1914) → Cleveland Spiders (1915) → Toledo Iron Men (1916–1918) → Toledo Mud Hens (1919–1952) → Charleston Senators (1952–1960) • Tulsa Oilers (1969–1976) → New Orleans Pelicans (1977) → Springfield Redbirds (1978–1981) → Louisville Redbirds (1982–1997) • Wichita Aeros (1970–1984) → Buffalo Bisons (1985–1997) ==Presidents==
Presidents
Fifteen presidents led the American Association: • 1902–1903: Thomas J. Hickey • 1904: J. Ed Grillo • 1905–1909: Joseph D. O'Brien • 1910–1916: Thomas M. Chivington • 1917–1934: Thomas J. Hickey • 1935–1945: George M. Troutman • 1946: Roy Hamey • 1947-1948: Frank C. Lane • 1949–1952: Bruce Dudley • 1953–1959: Ed Doherty • 1960–1962: James Burris • 1969–1971: Allie Reynolds • 1972–1987: Joe Ryan • 1988–1989: Ken Grandquist • 1990–1991: Randy Mobley • 1991–1997: Branch B. Rickey ==Champions==
Champions
League champions were determined by different means over the American Association's 90 years of competition. From 1902 to 1931, the league champions were simply the regular-season pennant winners—the team with the best win–loss record at the conclusion of the regular season. The first playoffs for determining champions were held in 1933. The Louisville Colonels won 15 American Association titles, the most in the league's history, followed by the Indianapolis Indians (12) and the Columbus Red Birds (10). ==Awards==
Awards
, who was inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989, won the AA Rookie of the Year Award in 1960. The American Association regularly honored outstanding players and team personnel at the end of each season. MVP Award The Most Valuable Player Award, introduced in 1929, was given to recognize the best player in the league. The first MVP Award went to shortstop Billy Rogell of the St. Paul Saints. The final award was given to outfielder Magglio Ordóñez of the Nashville Sounds. Most Valuable Pitcher Award The Most Valuable Pitcher Award, introduced in 1969, was given to recognize the best pitcher in the league. The first award was given to right-hander Sal Campisi of the Tulsa Oilers. The final award went to right-hander Rick Helling of the Oklahoma City 89ers in 1996. No winner was selected in 1997. Rookie of the Year Award The Rookie of the Year Award, introduced in 1946, was given to the best rookie player in the league. The first award was presented to first baseman Jerry Witte of the Toledo Mud Hens. The final award was given to outfielder and league MVP Magglio Ordóñez of the Nashville Sounds. Manager of the Year Award The Manager of the Year Award, introduced in 1945, was given to honor the best manager in the league. The first award went to George Selkirk of the Toledo Sox. The final award was issued to Dave Miley of the Indianapolis Indians. ==See also==
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